Bump version to 0.2.1

insndec.h: insn_decode() decodes one instruction into a readable form -
concrete registers as canonical roots (al/ah/ax/eax/rax -> one root), memory
base/index/scale/disp, immediate values, operand sizes, per-operand read/write,
and implicit operands/effects (rsp on push/pop, rdx:rax on mul/div, FLAGS). It
is ABI-agnostic: a call reports only its architectural effects.

codetrace.h: func_usedef(fn, abi, ...) computes per-instruction register
use/def over a function view (reusing cfg_blocks), splitting writes into
full-kill / partial / conditional so a reaching-definitions pass can be built on
top. With TRACE_ABI_WIN64 it marks the Win64 caller-saved set
(rax,rcx,rdx,r8-r11,xmm0-5,flags) clobbered at each call site; the clobber table
is confined to codetrace.c and the generic layer stays OS-agnostic
(TRACE_ABI_NONE keeps the conservative behaviour).

Both ride the existing optional disassembler seam (a second insn_decode_full
is added to semsig_backend.h; sem_insn and semsig_hash are untouched), gated
behind VMIE_HAVE_DISASM; OFF builds a stub. Adds the vmie_win32_func_usedef
wrapper. No new build option - the feature shares VMIE_DISASM with semsig.

.gitea/workflows/release.yml

@@ -87,12 +87,13 @@ jobs:
           apt-get update
           apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
             cmake make gcc libc6-dev dpkg-dev file \
+            libzydis-dev \
             gcc-mingw-w64-x86-64 ca-certificates curl
 
       - name: Configure
         env:
           TAG: ${{ github.ref_name }}
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DVMIE_VERSION=${TAG#v}
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DVMIE_VERSION=${TAG#v} -DVMIE_DISASM=zydis
 
       - name: Build shared library
         run: cmake --build build -j --target vmie_shared

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18)   # find_program(... REQUIRED)
 
-set(VMIE_VERSION "0.1.5" CACHE STRING "Library version (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH); CI passes the tag")
+set(VMIE_VERSION "0.2.1" CACHE STRING "Library version (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH); CI passes the tag")
 project(vmi-engine VERSION ${VMIE_VERSION} LANGUAGES C)
 
 set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 17)               # generation B uses no C23 feature
@@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ include(GNUInstallDirs)
 
 option(VMIE_LTO "Enable LTO" OFF)      # build-only; shipped default is -O2, no LTO
 
+# ---- optional semantic-signature backend (operand disassembler) ----------
+# VMIE_DISASM selects the OPTIONAL operand-decode backend for the semantic
+# signature feature (semsig.h). OFF (default) ships the 0.1.6 behaviour: the
+# generic symbol exists via semsig_stub.c, returns 0, VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=0, and no
+# external library is pulled - CI and the .deb packages are unchanged. A backend
+# (zydis|capstone) is NEVER vendored: it is brought from OUTSIDE the tree, either
+# by VMIE_DISASM_SRC (a path to the backend's own source tree, add_subdirectory'd)
+# or, failing that, by find_package of an already-installed library.
+set(VMIE_DISASM "OFF" CACHE STRING "Semantic-signature backend: OFF | zydis | capstone")
+set_property(CACHE VMIE_DISASM PROPERTY STRINGS OFF zydis capstone)
+set(VMIE_DISASM_SRC "" CACHE PATH "Path to the disassembler backend source tree (external; add_subdirectory'd)")
+
 # ---- host: VMI core objects (single owner of the source list) -----------
 add_library(vmie_obj OBJECT
         src/core/gpa.c
@@ -31,6 +43,28 @@ add_library(vmie_obj OBJECT
         src/handlers/x86dec.c
         src/handlers/pmap.c
         src/handlers/snapdiff.c)
+
+# semantic-signature TUs: OFF compiles ONLY the stub (which carries the whole
+# generic symbol and returns 0); a backend compiles the core (semsig.c) + the one
+# backend TU that talks to the disassembler. semsig.c is never built in OFF (it
+# calls the backend decode, absent there) - so there is no dead/unresolved call.
+if(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "OFF")
+    target_sources(vmie_obj PRIVATE src/handlers/semsig_stub.c
+                                    src/handlers/insndec_stub.c)
+elseif(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "zydis")
+    target_sources(vmie_obj PRIVATE src/handlers/semsig.c
+                                    src/handlers/insndec.c
+                                    src/handlers/codetrace.c
+                                    src/handlers/semsig_backend_zydis.c)
+elseif(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "capstone")
+    target_sources(vmie_obj PRIVATE src/handlers/semsig.c
+                                    src/handlers/insndec.c
+                                    src/handlers/codetrace.c
+                                    src/handlers/semsig_backend_capstone.c)
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "VMIE_DISASM must be OFF, zydis, or capstone (got '${VMIE_DISASM}')")
+endif()
+
 target_include_directories(vmie_obj
         PUBLIC  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include              # public API: include/*.h
         PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/core/include     # private: core.h
@@ -42,11 +76,49 @@ if(VMIE_LTO)
     target_link_options(vmie_obj PRIVATE -flto)
 endif()
 
+# Resolve the backend target/package name (the actual link/define is applied to
+# vmie_obj here AND re-applied to the static/shared libs below, because
+# $<TARGET_OBJECTS:vmie_obj> carries object files only - not link/define usage
+# requirements). The backend is PRIVATE (an implementation detail), while
+# VMIE_HAVE_DISASM is PUBLIC (visible through semsig.h). The backend comes from
+# VMIE_DISASM_SRC (external sources) or find_package - never from in-tree sources.
+if(NOT VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "OFF")
+    if(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "zydis")
+        set(VMIE_DISASM_LINK "Zydis::Zydis")
+        set(_vmie_disasm_pkg "Zydis")
+    else()
+        set(VMIE_DISASM_LINK "capstone::capstone")
+        set(_vmie_disasm_pkg "capstone")
+    endif()
+
+    if(VMIE_DISASM_SRC)
+        # Build the backend from its OWN external source tree (kept out of this
+        # repo). Its CMake exports the imported target linked below.
+        add_subdirectory(${VMIE_DISASM_SRC} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/_disasm_backend)
+    else()
+        find_package(${_vmie_disasm_pkg} REQUIRED)
+    endif()
+
+    target_link_libraries(vmie_obj PRIVATE ${VMIE_DISASM_LINK})
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie_obj PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=1)
+else()
+    set(VMIE_DISASM_LINK "")
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie_obj PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=0)
+endif()
+
 # ---- host: static library (in-tree consumers: CLIs + test) --------------
 # $<TARGET_OBJECTS:> carries object files only, not usage requirements:
 # re-declare the PUBLIC include scope so vmie_cli/vmie_scan still see include/.
 add_library(vmie STATIC $<TARGET_OBJECTS:vmie_obj>)
 target_include_directories(vmie PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+# Re-apply the feature macro (PUBLIC: seen by in-tree consumers + the test) and
+# the backend link (PRIVATE), which $<TARGET_OBJECTS> does not carry over.
+if(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "OFF")
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=0)
+else()
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=1)
+    target_link_libraries(vmie PRIVATE ${VMIE_DISASM_LINK})
+endif()
 
 # ---- host: shared library (external delivery: libvmie.so.*) -------------
 add_library(vmie_shared SHARED $<TARGET_OBJECTS:vmie_obj>)
@@ -58,6 +130,12 @@ set_target_properties(vmie_shared PROPERTIES
 if(VMIE_LTO)
     target_link_options(vmie_shared PRIVATE -flto)
 endif()
+if(VMIE_DISASM STREQUAL "OFF")
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie_shared PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=0)
+else()
+    target_compile_definitions(vmie_shared PUBLIC VMIE_HAVE_DISASM=1)
+    target_link_libraries(vmie_shared PRIVATE ${VMIE_DISASM_LINK})
+endif()
 
 # ---- host: CLI demonstrator over the library ----------------------------
 add_executable(vmie_cli src/cli.c)

include/codetrace.h

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/* codetrace.h - generic (OS-agnostic) register def-use over one function.
+ *
+ * Handler layer, gated like semsig.h: a process-scoped, STATIC register def-use
+ * analysis built on insn_decode (insndec.h) and the basic-block partition of
+ * cfg_blocks (codeanalysis.h, REUSED - this header writes no second splitter).
+ * For one function view it computes per-instruction register read (use) / write
+ * (def) sets - the building material a caller needs for reaching-definitions.
+ *
+ * It returns DATA. It does NOT execute or model values, does NOT unroll loops,
+ * does NOT build use-def CHAINS, and carries no dataflow solver: those are the
+ * caller's analysis. v1 deliberately stops at per-instruction use/def so the
+ * surface does not predetermine the caller's algorithm.
+ *
+ * Family placement. codeanalysis.h is PURE / always available; semsig.h is gated
+ * on the disassembler backend. codetrace.h sits in the second row with semsig: it
+ * needs the backend decode (via insndec.h) plus cfg_blocks. With no backend the
+ * symbol still exists (ABI stable) but returns the sentinel, and VMIE_HAVE_DISASM
+ * is 0. The chosen split keeps codeanalysis.h's "zero-dep, works always" contract
+ * literally true.
+ *
+ * GENERIC / OS-agnostic. The analysis names no OS. A calling convention enters
+ * ONLY through the explicit trace_abi argument, which selects a static caller-
+ * saved (volatile) clobber table applied at call sites. Win64 is just one enum
+ * value, not a hardcoded dependency; TRACE_ABI_NONE reproduces conservative
+ * behavior for any non-Windows consumer. The OS-specific CHOICE of Win64 is made
+ * by the win32 wrapper (vmie_win32_func_usedef, win32.h), not by this header.
+ */
+#ifndef VMIE_CODETRACE_H
+#define VMIE_CODETRACE_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "memmodel.h"   /* mem_view_t (the single owner of the view type) */
+
+/* Shared feature gate (see semsig.h / insndec.h). Default keeps the header valid
+ * when compiled outside the project build. */
+#ifndef VMIE_HAVE_DISASM
+#define VMIE_HAVE_DISASM 0
+#endif
+
+/* Calling convention applied to call sites when computing def-use. The analysis
+ * itself stays OS-agnostic: an ABI is just a parameter selecting a static
+ * caller-saved (volatile) clobber table. An unknown value is treated as
+ * TRACE_ABI_NONE (conservative), not an error. */
+typedef enum {
+    TRACE_ABI_NONE = 0,   /* conservative: a call clobbers only what insn_decode
+                           * reports architecturally (rsp/rip write, indirect
+                           * target read); no volatile registers are killed.    */
+    TRACE_ABI_WIN64       /* standard Win64: volatile GPR/vec/FLAGS are killed
+                           * (full-kill) across every call site (see codetrace.c
+                           * for the exact set and its honest limits).          */
+} trace_abi;
+
+/* A compact register set over canonical reg_id roots (a bitset). The field split
+ * is an implementation detail of the struct; consumers should treat it opaquely
+ * and compare/inspect via the documented def/use semantics, not the raw words.
+ *   gpr     - the 16 GPR roots (REGID_RAX..REGID_R15)
+ *   vec_lo  - vector roots REGID_VEC0..REGID_VEC31
+ *   misc    - mask roots (k0..k7), REGID_FLAGS, REGID_OTHER */
+typedef struct {
+    uint16_t gpr;     /* bit i set => REGID_RAX + i present (16 GPR roots)       */
+    uint32_t vec_lo;  /* bit i set => REGID_VEC0 + i present (32 vector roots)   */
+    uint16_t misc;    /* bit i set => (REGID_K0 + i) for i<8, then FLAGS, OTHER  */
+} regset;
+
+/* Per-instruction use/def in the function view's coordinate space.
+ *   off         - byte offset of the instruction within fn
+ *   len         - instruction length
+ *   use         - roots READ (incl. implicit, incl. address regs of mem operands)
+ *   def         - roots WRITTEN as a FULL/zero-extending write (these KILL the
+ *                 enclosing root); for a call site under a non-NONE trace_abi the
+ *                 ABI volatile clobber is merged here as a full kill too
+ *   def_partial - roots written PARTIALLY (8/16-bit GPR, legacy-SSE): they do NOT
+ *                 kill the enclosing root, so a wider live root survives
+ *   cond_def    - roots written CONDITIONALLY (cmovcc/setcc): do not kill either */
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t off;
+    uint8_t  len;
+    regset   use, def, def_partial, cond_def;
+} insn_usedef;
+
+/* Compute per-instruction use/def for one function view under calling convention
+ * `abi`. `fn` is a view spanning EXACTLY one function (as for cfg_blocks /
+ * semsig_hash). REUSES cfg_blocks only to validate the partition and iterate in
+ * block order; the use/def itself comes from insn_decode per instruction.
+ *
+ * `abi` selects the call-site volatile clobber: TRACE_ABI_NONE = conservative (no
+ * volatile kill, only the architectural rsp/rip write insn_decode reports);
+ * TRACE_ABI_WIN64 = full-kill of the Win64 volatile roots at every call site.
+ * The analysis stays OS-agnostic: `abi` is just a parameter, not a hardcoded OS.
+ *
+ * Writes up to `max` records in ascending off order (out=NULL to count). Returns
+ * the TOTAL instruction count, 0 if `fn` is empty, or -1 on a decode desync
+ * (cfg_blocks could not split, or the backend could not decode an instruction) /
+ * a build with no backend (VMIE_HAVE_DISASM==0). The sentinel convention mirrors
+ * cfg_blocks: -1 = desync/no-backend, 0 = empty.
+ *
+ * PURE: only the view and the decoder, no vmie_mem / no I/O (a stack buffer with
+ * a heap spill only when the block count overflows, like semsig_hash).
+ *
+ * Example - registers killed by each instruction of a function:
+ *   insn_usedef ud[512];
+ *   int n = func_usedef(fn, TRACE_ABI_WIN64, ud, 512);
+ *   for (int i = 0; i < n && i < 512; i++) ... inspect ud[i].def ... */
+int func_usedef(mem_view_t fn, trace_abi abi, insn_usedef* out, int max);
+
+#endif /* VMIE_CODETRACE_H */

include/insndec.h

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/* insndec.h - readable per-instruction operand decode (generic, ABI-agnostic).
+ *
+ * Handler layer: a RICH decode of ONE x86-64 instruction into concrete operands
+ * (concrete registers as a backend-neutral stable id, memory base/index/scale/
+ * disp, immediate VALUES, sizes), per-operand read/write, AND the full aggregate
+ * register read/write sets INCLUDING IMPLICIT operands/effects (rsp on push/pop,
+ * rdx:rax on mul/div, FLAGS on cmp/jcc, ...). This is the "perception" primitive
+ * the register def-use analysis (codetrace.h) is built on.
+ *
+ * Relationship to semsig.h (shared backend, DIFFERENT purpose). semsig_hash
+ * folds a NORMALIZED, LOSSY token stream: it erases register identity (keeps only
+ * a class), erases immediate/displacement values, and carries no read/write - by
+ * design, so the hash is register-/value-/reorder-stable. That makes semsig
+ * irreversible: you cannot trace registers through it. insn_decode is the
+ * opposite: it KEEPS register identity, values, and read/write, so an analysis
+ * can reason about WHICH physical register an instruction touches. Both ride the
+ * SAME optional external disassembler (Zydis/Capstone) behind the same private
+ * seam, but insn_decode is NOT a hash and NOT lossy.
+ *
+ * Operand decode is NOT in the light decoder (x86dec.h is deliberately pure and
+ * length-only) and NOT a second hand-rolled operand decoder: it is supplied by
+ * the optional backend, so this primitive is FEATURE-GATED exactly like semsig.
+ * With no backend the symbol still exists (ABI stable) but returns 0, and
+ * VMIE_HAVE_DISASM is 0.
+ *
+ * ABI-AGNOSTIC. insn_decode reports ONLY what an instruction does
+ * ARCHITECTURALLY. In particular a `call` writes rsp and rip and (for an
+ * indirect call) reads its target register/memory - that is ALL. It does NOT
+ * mark caller-saved (volatile) registers as written: that is a property of the
+ * CALLED function / the calling convention, not of the instruction. The Win64
+ * volatile clobber lives in the def-use layer (codetrace.h/.c) behind an explicit
+ * trace_abi, never here.
+ */
+#ifndef VMIE_INSNDEC_H
+#define VMIE_INSNDEC_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/* Compile-time feature availability, shared with semsig (one backend, one gate).
+ * Pushed from CMake as a PUBLIC compile definition so consumers see the SAME
+ * value the library was built with:
+ *   VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 1  built with a disassembler backend; insn_decode is
+ *                          live, insndec_backend_name() names the backend.
+ *   VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 0  built without a backend (the default); insn_decode
+ *                          always returns 0 and insndec_backend_name() == "none".
+ * The default here keeps the header valid when compiled outside the project. */
+#ifndef VMIE_HAVE_DISASM
+#define VMIE_HAVE_DISASM 0
+#endif
+
+/* Canonical full-register root id. al/ah/ax/eax/rax all map to REGID_RAX;
+ * xmm0/ymm0/zmm0 -> REGID_VEC0; etc. Identity is KEPT here (unlike sem_insn,
+ * which erases it) so def-use can reason about WHICH physical register. The
+ * concrete backend register enum is NEVER carried across the seam - the backend
+ * TU normalizes into THIS stable id, exactly as it does for mnemonic classes. */
+typedef enum {
+    REGID_NONE = 0,
+    /* 16 GPR roots; al/ax/eax/rax -> REGID_RAX, etc. */
+    REGID_RAX, REGID_RCX, REGID_RDX, REGID_RBX,
+    REGID_RSP, REGID_RBP, REGID_RSI, REGID_RDI,
+    REGID_R8,  REGID_R9,  REGID_R10, REGID_R11,
+    REGID_R12, REGID_R13, REGID_R14, REGID_R15,
+    /* 32 vector roots (zmm0..zmm31; xmm/ymm fold into the zmm root). */
+    REGID_VEC0,
+    REGID_VEC31 = REGID_VEC0 + 31,
+    /* AVX-512 mask k0..k7. */
+    REGID_K0,
+    REGID_K7 = REGID_K0 + 7,
+    /* FLAGS as ONE pseudo-register root (NOT per-bit CF/ZF/...): enough for
+     * def-use "cmp writes flags, jcc/cmov/setcc read flags"; per-bit is not v1. */
+    REGID_FLAGS,
+    /* rip / segment / other roots kept coarse (def-use rarely tracks them). */
+    REGID_OTHER,
+    REGID_COUNT
+} reg_id;
+
+/* Per-operand / per-register access, normalized (raw backend enums never leak). */
+typedef enum {
+    ACC_NONE = 0,
+    ACC_READ,        /* read only                                   */
+    ACC_WRITE,       /* write only                                  */
+    ACC_READWRITE,   /* read-modify-write (add, sub, ...)           */
+    ACC_COND_READ,   /* conditionally read  (cmovcc src, ...)       */
+    ACC_COND_WRITE   /* conditionally written (cmovcc dst, setcc)   */
+} reg_access;
+
+/* Explicit-operand kind (the readable, perception side of the decode). */
+typedef enum {
+    OPND_NONE = 0,
+    OPND_REG,        /* register operand                            */
+    OPND_MEM,        /* memory operand (base/index/scale/disp)      */
+    OPND_IMM         /* immediate operand (value kept)              */
+} operand_kind;
+
+/* One register reference, used both for explicit register operands and for the
+ * aggregate implicit-or-explicit read/write sets. Sub-register overlap is modeled
+ * EXPLICITLY and backend-neutrally:
+ *   root              - canonical full-register root (al/ax/eax/rax -> REGID_RAX)
+ *   width_log2        - ACCESS width in log2 bytes (0=1B .. 4=16B), as
+ *                       width_log2_of already computes for semsig
+ *   writes_zero_extend- on a WRITE, 1 if the upper part of the root is zeroed
+ *                       (a 32-bit GPR write, e.g. `eax`, zeroes the upper 32 bits
+ *                       of `rax`; a VEX/EVEX vector write zeroes the upper YMM/ZMM)
+ *                       and 0 if it is a PARTIAL write that preserves the upper
+ *                       part (8/16-bit GPR write, legacy-SSE vector write). This
+ *                       ONE flag is what def-use needs to decide overlap without
+ *                       carrying a raw bit mask.
+ *   access            - ACC_* for this reference */
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t root;             /* reg_id                                         */
+    uint8_t width_log2;       /* access width, log2 bytes (0..4+)               */
+    uint8_t writes_zero_extend;
+    uint8_t access;           /* reg_access                                     */
+} reg_ref;
+
+/* One explicit operand (readable / perception view). */
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t kind;             /* operand_kind                                   */
+    uint8_t access;           /* reg_access for the operand as a whole          */
+    uint8_t width_log2;       /* access width, log2 bytes                       */
+    uint8_t mem_scale;        /* MEM: index scale (1/2/4/8), 0 if no index      */
+    uint8_t mem_is_riprel;    /* MEM: 1 if RIP-relative                         */
+    uint8_t reg_root;         /* REG: reg_id of the operand register            */
+    uint8_t reg_zero_extend;  /* REG: writes_zero_extend for a write operand    */
+    uint8_t imm_width_log2;   /* IMM: value width, log2 bytes                   */
+    uint8_t mem_base;         /* MEM: reg_id of the base register (read)        */
+    uint8_t mem_index;        /* MEM: reg_id of the index register (read)       */
+    int64_t mem_disp;         /* MEM: displacement value (signed)               */
+    int64_t imm_value;        /* IMM: immediate value (sign-extended)           */
+} operand;
+
+/* Mnemonic-class group, backend-neutral. Mirrors the semsig SEM_MN_* groups so a
+ * consumer can switch on the instruction kind without backend enums; def-use uses
+ * only INSN_CALL (call sites) but the rest aids readability of the decode. */
+typedef enum {
+    INSN_OTHER = 0,
+    INSN_MOV, INSN_ARITH, INSN_LOGIC, INSN_CMP, INSN_TEST,
+    INSN_BRANCH,             /* conditional jcc / setcc / cmovcc               */
+    INSN_JMP,                /* unconditional jmp                              */
+    INSN_CALL, INSN_RET, INSN_PUSH, INSN_POP, INSN_LEA, INSN_NOP,
+    INSN_FLOAT, INSN_VEC
+} insn_class;
+
+/* Caps on the rich decode. Four explicit operands cover x86-64; eight register
+ * refs per side cover the widest implicit sets (e.g. mul touching rax/rdx plus an
+ * explicit source) with margin. Anything beyond is truncated (count still grows
+ * past the cap so a caller can detect it), which never happens for real code. */
+#define INSN_MAX_OPERANDS 4
+#define INSN_MAX_REGREFS  8
+
+/* A fully decoded instruction. Two complementary representations:
+ *   op[]    - explicit operands, in instruction operand order (readability);
+ *   reads[] / writes[] - aggregate register sets over canonical roots, UNIONING
+ *             explicit AND implicit effects (this is what def-use consumes). A
+ *             memory operand's base/index registers appear in reads[] as address
+ *             reads; FLAGS appears as REGID_FLAGS; rsp/rdx:rax appear via the
+ *             backend's implicit operands. */
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  length;          /* full instruction length in bytes (>= 1)        */
+    uint8_t  mnemonic_class;  /* insn_class                                     */
+    uint8_t  is_control_flow; /* 1 if branch/call/ret                           */
+    uint8_t  noperands;       /* explicit operands in op[] (<= INSN_MAX_OPERANDS)*/
+    uint8_t  nreads;          /* register refs in reads[]                       */
+    uint8_t  nwrites;         /* register refs in writes[]                      */
+    operand  op[INSN_MAX_OPERANDS];
+    reg_ref  reads[INSN_MAX_REGREFS];
+    reg_ref  writes[INSN_MAX_REGREFS];
+} insn_decoded;
+
+/* Decode ONE instruction at view[off .. ]. `view` is a flat byte span and `off`
+ * is the byte offset of the instruction within it; at most (view_size - off)
+ * bytes are available to the backend. Returns 1 on success (fills *out), 0 on
+ * undecodable / not enough bytes / a build with no backend (VMIE_HAVE_DISASM==0).
+ * out->length == 0 is also treated as a desync by callers. PURE: only the byte
+ * span and the decoder, no I/O, no allocation, reentrant.
+ *
+ * `view` / `view_size` are a flat buffer (not mem_view_t) so this primitive
+ * stays dependency-light; the caller owns the buffer.
+ *
+ * Example - read the registers an instruction writes:
+ *   insn_decoded d;
+ *   if (insn_decode(code, n, 0, &d))
+ *       for (int i = 0; i < d.nwrites; i++)
+ *           printf("writes root %u (zx=%u)\n",
+ *                  d.writes[i].root, d.writes[i].writes_zero_extend); */
+int insn_decode(const uint8_t* view, size_t view_size, size_t off,
+                insn_decoded* out);
+
+/* Stable identity of the compiled disassembler backend ("zydis"/"capstone", or
+ * "none" without a backend). Shares the backend with semsig; this name is the
+ * same backend. Static, never-NULL. */
+const char* insndec_backend_name(void);
+
+#endif /* VMIE_INSNDEC_H */

include/memmodel.h

@@ -125,7 +125,11 @@ typedef struct {
  * x86-64 has no read bit: a present page is readable, so VR_R is always set on a
  * returned region. Write/execute/user are the EFFECTIVE rights along the whole
  * page-table path (RW & US are AND-ed across levels, NX is OR-ed), not just the
- * leaf entry, so they reflect what the guest CPU actually enforces. */
+ * leaf entry, so they reflect what the guest CPU actually enforces. One
+ * exception keeps VR_X honest under KVA shadow (KPTI): the kernel CR3 marks
+ * user-half PML4Es NX as hardening, but ring 3 executes those pages via the
+ * user/shadow CR3 (same shared lower tables, NX-clear PML4E), so the user-half
+ * top-level NX bit is ignored when deriving VR_X. */
 #ifndef VMIE_VREGION_DEFINED
 #define VMIE_VREGION_DEFINED
 #define VR_R 0x1u   /* readable  (present => always set)            */

include/scan.h

@@ -70,18 +70,21 @@ int gva_sig_scan_multi(vmie_mem* m, uintptr_t cr3, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi,
                        uint32_t prot_any, const sigset* s,
                        sig_multi_hit* out, int max);
 
-/* code-xref: every instruction in the X-regions of [lo,hi] whose near rel
- * branch or RIP-relative memory operand resolves to `target_va`. Brute-scans
- * each byte offset with the light x86-64 decoder (x86dec.h, NOT a full
- * disassembler): an E8/E9/EB/Jcc rel branch matches when next_rip + rel ==
+/* code-xref: every instruction in the regions of [lo,hi] kept by `prot_any`
+ * whose near rel branch or RIP-relative memory operand resolves to `target_va`.
+ * Brute-scans each byte offset with the light x86-64 decoder (x86dec.h, NOT a
+ * full disassembler): an E8/E9/EB/Jcc rel branch matches when next_rip + rel ==
  * target_va, and any RIP-relative operand (ModRM mod=00, rm=101) matches when
  * next_rip + disp32 == target_va (this covers lea/mov and any other rip-rel
- * form). Records each matching instruction-start VA. The sweep forces VR_X and
- * carries a >=15-byte overlap (max x86 instruction length) so no instruction is
- * cut at a window seam. Writes up to `max` VAs to `out` (NULL to count only) and
- * returns the TOTAL number of matches, or -1 on bad input. */
+ * form). Records each matching instruction-start VA. The sweep is scoped by
+ * `prot_any` (pass VR_X to restrict to code; pass VR_R when the target's
+ * page-table X bit is unavailable - the decoder and exact target match keep the
+ * result correct, only more bytes are decoded) and carries a >=15-byte overlap
+ * (max x86 instruction length) so no instruction is cut at a window seam. Writes
+ * up to `max` VAs to `out` (NULL to count only) and returns the TOTAL number of
+ * matches, or -1 on bad input. */
 int gva_code_xref(vmie_mem* m, uintptr_t cr3, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi,
-                  uint64_t target_va, uint64_t* out, int max);
+                  uint32_t prot_any, uint64_t target_va, uint64_t* out, int max);
 
 /* immediate / constant xref: every instruction in [lo,hi] (kept by the
  * protection filter `prot_any`; pass VR_X to restrict to code) whose IMMEDIATE

include/semsig.h

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/* semsig.h - generic (OS-agnostic) semantic / normalized code signature.
+ *
+ * Handler layer: a NORMALIZED function fingerprint that survives what the byte
+ * world cannot. func_hash (codeanalysis.h) and sig_generate (siggen.h) are
+ * BYTE fingerprints - both only neutralize the rel/RIP-relative displacement
+ * bytes; they still change when the compiler shuffles registers, picks a
+ * different equivalent register allocation, alters an immediate/displacement
+ * VALUE, or reschedules independent instructions. semsig_hash instead decodes
+ * OPERANDS (registers, operand classes, sizes, mnemonic group) and folds a
+ * canonical token stream, so it answers "semantically the same function" rather
+ * than "byte-for-byte the same function" - a FLIRT-like recognition primitive.
+ *
+ * Operand decode is NOT in the light decoder (x86dec.h is deliberately pure and
+ * length-only). It is supplied by an OPTIONAL external disassembler (Zydis or
+ * Capstone) selected at configure time, behind a private adapter seam. So this
+ * primitive is FEATURE-GATED: with no backend the symbol still exists (ABI
+ * stable) but returns the "no hash" sentinel 0, and VMIE_HAVE_DISASM is 0 (see
+ * below). The byte world (func_hash / sig_generate) is untouched either way.
+ *
+ * NOT COMPARABLE TO func_hash. semsig_hash uses a different algorithm over a
+ * different (normalized) input, so its values live in their OWN domain: never
+ * compare a semsig_hash to a func_hash. Compare semsig_hash to semsig_hash only
+ * (equality / a known-hash table), exactly as func_hash is used for library-ID.
+ */
+#ifndef VMIE_SEMSIG_H
+#define VMIE_SEMSIG_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "memmodel.h"   /* mem_view_t (the single owner of the view type) */
+
+/* Compile-time feature availability. Pushed from CMake as a PUBLIC compile
+ * definition so consumers of this header see the SAME value the library was
+ * built with:
+ *   VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 1  built with a disassembler backend; semsig_hash is
+ *                          live, semsig_backend_name() names the backend.
+ *   VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 0  built without a backend (the default); semsig_hash
+ *                          always returns 0 and semsig_backend_name() == "none".
+ * Test it BEFORE calling to tell "feature off" apart from "empty/undecodable
+ * function" - both return 0, but only the latter is a real input. The default
+ * here keeps the header valid when compiled outside the project build. */
+#ifndef VMIE_HAVE_DISASM
+#define VMIE_HAVE_DISASM 0
+#endif
+
+/* Reorder-/register-canonical semantic hash of one function view. `fn` is a view
+ * spanning EXACTLY one function (e.g. a section-view sub-range covering a
+ * func_range from vmie_win32_functions): fn.data[0] is the function's first
+ * byte, fn.size its length. Reported in the view's own coordinate space, but the
+ * hash is position-INDEPENDENT (like func_hash), so SECTION_LOCAL is enough for
+ * a stable value.
+ *
+ * What it normalizes (the canonicalization contract):
+ *   - mnemonic CLASS is kept (the semantic backbone of each instruction);
+ *   - the concrete REGISTER identity is erased to its register CLASS, so a
+ *     rax<->rcx reshuffle does not change the hash;
+ *   - operand WIDTH is kept (mov al,_ differs from mov rax,_);
+ *   - immediate and displacement VALUES are erased (only "an imm of this width
+ *     is present" survives), as func_hash/sig_generate already do for rel/RIP;
+ *   - memory-operand SHAPE is kept (has_base / has_index / is_riprel flags, not
+ *     the register ids);
+ *   - operand ORDER is kept (mov dst,src differs from mov src,dst).
+ *
+ * REORDER INVARIANCE (v1 default behavior) AND ITS COST. The fold is two-level
+ * and tied to the CFG. The function is split into basic blocks (via cfg_blocks),
+ * and:
+ *   - WITHIN a block the per-instruction token hashes are folded ORDER-
+ *     INSENSITIVELY (sorted, then folded), so the compiler's intra-block
+ *     instruction scheduling - reordering independent instructions - does not
+ *     change the hash;
+ *   - BETWEEN blocks the order is PRESERVED (blocks are folded in cfg_blocks'
+ *     ascending-start order), because block order is the control-flow structure
+ *     and must stay significant.
+ * The cost, stated plainly (this is a PROPERTY of the hash, not a free win): the
+ * within-block order-insensitive fold LOWERS discrimination - two blocks with
+ * the same MULTISET of normalized instructions but a different internal order
+ * yield the SAME block hash, even when that order is semantically meaningful
+ * (a data dependency this primitive does not model). That RAISES the false-match
+ * (collision) probability versus an order-sensitive hash. It is a deliberate
+ * trade for robustness against the scheduler; zero collisions are NOT promised.
+ *
+ * Returns the 64-bit semantic hash, or 0 on any of: `fn` empty (no data / size
+ * 0), a decode desync (cfg_blocks could not split the bytes, or the backend
+ * could not decode an instruction inside a block), or a build with no
+ * disassembler backend (VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 0). 0 is therefore "no hash", never
+ * a valid fingerprint - the SAME sentinel as func_hash, so callers handle it the
+ * same way.
+ *
+ * Token layout (stability contract). The per-instruction token folded by this
+ * function is a fixed little-endian tuple; its layout is part of the hash's
+ * stability contract (changing it changes every value). Per instruction:
+ *   byte 0      : mnemonic_class      (the stable SEM_MN_* class id, low 8 bits)
+ *   byte 1      : mnemonic_class high (the SEM_MN_* class id, high 8 bits)
+ *   byte 2      : noperands           (0..4)
+ *   byte 3      : flags               (bit0 = is_control_flow)
+ *   bytes 4..   : per operand i in [0, noperands), 2 bytes each:
+ *                   +0 : (kind & 0x0f) | ((reg_class & 0x0f) << 4)
+ *                   +1 : (width_log2 & 0x07)
+ *                        | (mem_has_base  ? 0x08 : 0)
+ *                        | (mem_has_index ? 0x10 : 0)
+ *                        | (mem_is_riprel ? 0x20 : 0)
+ *   trailing    : for the OTHER mnemonic class only, the raw opcode byte(s) so
+ *                 unclassified instructions still differ from one another.
+ * Operand order in the tuple follows the instruction's operand order (kept).
+ *
+ * Example - recognize a library function semantically (register-shuffle stable):
+ *   mem_view_t fn;   // a SECTION_LOCAL sub-view of one function body
+ *   uint64_t h = semsig_hash(fn);
+ *   if (h && h == known_crt_memcpy_semsig) puts("looks like memcpy");
+ *
+ * Example - guard on availability before relying on the feature:
+ *   #if VMIE_HAVE_DISASM
+ *       uint64_t h = semsig_hash(fn);   // live; 0 only on empty/desync
+ *   #else
+ *       // feature not built (semsig_hash would return 0)
+ *   #endif */
+uint64_t semsig_hash(mem_view_t fn) __attribute__((cold));
+
+/* Stable identity of the compiled disassembler backend, for diagnostics and for
+ * tagging which decoder produced a stored hash. Returns a static, never-NULL
+ * string: the backend name (e.g. "zydis", "capstone") when VMIE_HAVE_DISASM==1,
+ * or "none" when built without a backend. The normalized hash is designed to be
+ * domain-stable ACROSS backends (the mnemonic classes are backend-neutral), so
+ * this name is informational, not a hash-comparison key. */
+const char* semsig_backend_name(void);
+
+#endif /* VMIE_SEMSIG_H */

include/win32.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "memmodel.h"    /* vmie_mem, vregion/VR_*, task/range, gva_read/write/ptr/regions/sweep */
 #include "sigscan.h"     /* mem_view_t, sig_pattern_t */
 #include "scan.h"        /* scan_type, scan_ptr_path, generic scan surface */
+#include "codetrace.h"   /* insn_usedef, trace_abi (register def-use surface) */
 
 /* Opaque introspection context. Completed in src/engine/win32/engine-win32.h;
  * callers only ever hold a pointer. Created by vmie_win32_open(), populated by
@@ -461,6 +462,71 @@ int vmie_win32_inline_hooks(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
 int vmie_win32_func_imports(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
                             uint32_t func_rva, uint32_t* iat_rvas, int max);
 
+/* Reorder-/register-canonical SEMANTIC hash of ONE function, addressed by its
+ * func_rva (a .pdata function start, as from vmie_win32_functions or an export).
+ * The win32 convenience entry point over the generic semsig_hash (semsig.h): it
+ * locates the function extent from .pdata (like vmie_win32_func_imports),
+ * gathers its body with gva_read, builds a SECTION_LOCAL mem_view_t over those
+ * bytes, and DELEGATES to semsig_hash - it does NOT reimplement normalization or
+ * folding, and it pulls in no disassembler backend itself (the feature is
+ * inherited transitively via the same VMIE_HAVE_DISASM as the generic).
+ *
+ *   v           - engine handle.
+ *   cr3         - the process address space the module is mapped in.
+ *   module_base - image base VA (its PE headers must be resident).
+ *   func_rva    - function start RVA (must match a .pdata function start).
+ *
+ * Returns the 64-bit semantic hash, or 0 on any of: func_rva is not a known
+ * function start, the body is unreadable (paged out), a decode desync, or the
+ * build has no disassembler backend (VMIE_HAVE_DISASM == 0) - the SAME "no hash"
+ * sentinel as semsig_hash / func_hash. NOT COMPARABLE to func_hash: it is a
+ * different (normalized) domain; compare it only to other vmie_win32_func_semsig
+ * / semsig_hash values. semsig_hash is position-independent, so the SECTION_LOCAL
+ * gather gives a stable value regardless of where the module is based.
+ *
+ * Reorder invariance and its cost (lowered intra-block discrimination => higher
+ * collision risk) are properties of the underlying semsig_hash - see semsig.h.
+ *
+ * Example - name a function semantically against a known-hash table:
+ *   uint64_t h = vmie_win32_func_semsig(v, pr->cr3, m.base, fn_rva);
+ *   if (h && h == known_crt_strlen_semsig) puts("strlen"); */
+uint64_t vmie_win32_func_semsig(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3,
+                                uint64_t module_base, uint32_t func_rva);
+
+/* Register def-use of ONE function, addressed by its func_rva (a .pdata function
+ * start, as from vmie_win32_functions or an export). The win32 convenience entry
+ * point over the generic func_usedef (codetrace.h): it locates the function
+ * extent from .pdata (like vmie_win32_func_semsig), gathers its body with
+ * gva_read, builds a SECTION_LOCAL mem_view_t, and DELEGATES to func_usedef -
+ * PASSING TRACE_ABI_WIN64, because choosing the Win64 calling convention is the
+ * OS-specific decision that belongs in this layer (which already owns .pdata /
+ * cr3 / module_base). It does NOT reimplement the analysis or apply the volatile
+ * clobber itself (func_usedef does), and pulls in no disassembler backend (the
+ * feature is inherited transitively via the same VMIE_HAVE_DISASM as the generic).
+ *
+ *   v           - engine handle.
+ *   cr3         - the process address space the module is mapped in.
+ *   module_base - image base VA (its PE headers must be resident).
+ *   func_rva    - function start RVA (must match a .pdata function start).
+ *   out, max    - caller array receiving up to `max` per-instruction insn_usedef
+ *                 records in ascending function-local offset order (NULL to count).
+ *
+ * Returns the TOTAL instruction count, 0 if the function is empty, or -1 on any
+ * of: func_rva is not a known function start, the body is unreadable (paged out),
+ * a decode desync, or a build with no disassembler backend (VMIE_HAVE_DISASM==0).
+ * The off field of each record is a function-local byte offset (SECTION_LOCAL).
+ *
+ * The Win64 volatile clobber applied at call sites - and its honest limits (only
+ * the standard Win64 convention; not __vectorcall/custom; the return value is not
+ * a separate def) - are documented at the clobber table in codetrace.c.
+ *
+ * Example - registers each instruction of a function kills:
+ *   insn_usedef ud[512];
+ *   int n = vmie_win32_func_usedef(v, pr->cr3, m.base, fn_rva, ud, 512);
+ *   for (int i = 0; i < n && i < 512; i++) ... inspect ud[i].def ... */
+int vmie_win32_func_usedef(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
+                           uint32_t func_rva, insn_usedef* out, int max);
+
 /* Devirtualization (C++ vtables) needs NO dedicated symbol - it is a
  * COMPOSITION of primitives the engine already exposes:
  *   - a vtable at `vtable_va` is an array of code pointers, so its METHODS are

src/engine/gva.c

@@ -158,7 +158,16 @@ int gva_regions(vmie_mem* m, uintptr_t cr3, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi,
         if (!(e4 & PG_P)) continue;
         const uint64_t b4 = VA_CANON((uint64_t)i4 << 39);
         if (!rgn_hit(b4, 1ull << 39, lo, hi)) continue;
-        const int rw4 = (e4 >> 1) & 1, us4 = (e4 >> 2) & 1, nx4 = (int)(e4 >> 63) & 1;
+        const int rw4 = (e4 >> 1) & 1, us4 = (e4 >> 2) & 1;
+        /* On a KVA-shadow (KPTI) Windows the kernel CR3 marks user-half PML4Es
+         * NX as hardening: the kernel must not execute user pages through its own
+         * mapping. Ring 3 runs under the user/shadow CR3, which reaches the SAME
+         * lower tables (PDPT/PD/PT are shared) through a PML4E with NX clear, so
+         * that top-level NX is not what executes user code. Drop it on the user
+         * half; sub-PML4E NX stays authoritative (it is shared between the two
+         * CR3s). On a non-KPTI guest a code-covering user PML4E already has NX
+         * clear, so this only ever discards a zero. i4 < 256 == canonical user. */
+        const int nx4 = (i4 < 256) ? 0 : ((int)(e4 >> 63) & 1);
 
         const uint64_t* t3 = gpa_ptr(m, e4 & PFN_MASK, 4096);
         if (!t3) continue;

src/engine/win32/pe.c

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include "sigscan.h"    /* mem_sub (pure matcher; engine may use it) */
 #include "win32.h"      /* public surface: vmie_win32, section_desc, view_base */
 #include "x86dec.h"     /* x86_decode / x86_branch_target (call-graph step)     */
+#include "semsig.h"     /* semsig_hash (generic; no backend header pulled here) */
+#include "codetrace.h"  /* func_usedef (generic def-use; no backend header here) */
 
 /* IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER: 8-byte Name, then Misc.VirtualSize(+8), VirtualAddress
  * (+12), and Characteristics(+36); the header is 40 bytes wide. */
@@ -775,3 +777,103 @@ int vmie_win32_func_imports(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
     free(fb);
     return total;
 }
+
+/* Semantic hash of one function by func_rva: reuse the func_imports gather (find
+ * the extent from .pdata, read the body), then delegate to the generic
+ * semsig_hash over a SECTION_LOCAL view. No normalization/fold is duplicated
+ * here, and no backend header is included - the feature is inherited via the
+ * generic (a stub returning 0 in an OFF build). Cold: one-shot per function. */
+uint64_t vmie_win32_func_semsig(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3,
+                                uint64_t module_base, uint32_t func_rva)
+    __attribute__((cold));
+uint64_t vmie_win32_func_semsig(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3,
+                                uint64_t module_base, uint32_t func_rva) {
+    vmie_mem* m = vmie_win32_mem(v);
+    if (!m) { return 0; }
+
+    /* locate the function's extent from .pdata (count then gather). */
+    const int nfn = vmie_win32_functions(v, cr3, module_base, NULL, 0);
+    if (nfn < 0) { return 0; }
+    func_range stack_fr[256];
+    func_range* fr = stack_fr;
+    func_range* heap_fr = NULL;
+    if (nfn > (int)(sizeof stack_fr / sizeof stack_fr[0])) {
+        heap_fr = malloc((size_t)nfn * sizeof *heap_fr);
+        if (!heap_fr) { return 0; }
+        fr = heap_fr;
+    }
+    const int got = vmie_win32_functions(v, cr3, module_base, fr, nfn);
+    if (got < 0) { free(heap_fr); return 0; }
+    uint32_t fn_size = 0;
+    for (int f = 0; f < got; f++) {
+        if (fr[f].rva == func_rva) { fn_size = fr[f].size; break; }
+    }
+    free(heap_fr);
+    if (fn_size == 0) { return 0; }                /* not a known function start */
+
+    /* gather the body and view it SECTION_LOCAL (base_va = 0): semsig_hash is
+     * position-independent, so the local base is enough for a stable value. */
+    uint8_t* fb = malloc(fn_size);
+    if (!fb) { return 0; }
+    if (gva_read(m, cr3, module_base + func_rva, fb, fn_size)) {
+        free(fb);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const mem_view_t view = { .data = fb, .size = fn_size, .base_va = 0 };
+    const uint64_t h = semsig_hash(view);
+
+    free(fb);
+    return h;
+}
+
+/* Register def-use of one function by func_rva: reuse the same .pdata extent
+ * gather as vmie_win32_func_semsig (locate the function, read the body), then
+ * delegate to the generic func_usedef over a SECTION_LOCAL view, PASSING
+ * TRACE_ABI_WIN64 - the OS-specific "choose the Win64 convention" decision lives
+ * here, in the layer that already owns .pdata / cr3 / module_base, exactly as the
+ * extent lookup does. The analysis (block walk, the volatile clobber merge) is
+ * NOT reimplemented or applied here; that lives once in func_usedef. No backend
+ * header is included - the feature is inherited via the generic (a stub returning
+ * -1 in an OFF build). Cold: one-shot per function. */
+int vmie_win32_func_usedef(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
+                           uint32_t func_rva, insn_usedef* out, int max)
+    __attribute__((cold));
+int vmie_win32_func_usedef(vmie_win32* v, uint64_t cr3, uint64_t module_base,
+                           uint32_t func_rva, insn_usedef* out, int max) {
+    vmie_mem* m = vmie_win32_mem(v);
+    if (!m) { return -1; }
+
+    /* locate the function's extent from .pdata (count then gather). */
+    const int nfn = vmie_win32_functions(v, cr3, module_base, NULL, 0);
+    if (nfn < 0) { return -1; }
+    func_range stack_fr[256];
+    func_range* fr = stack_fr;
+    func_range* heap_fr = NULL;
+    if (nfn > (int)(sizeof stack_fr / sizeof stack_fr[0])) {
+        heap_fr = malloc((size_t)nfn * sizeof *heap_fr);
+        if (!heap_fr) { return -1; }
+        fr = heap_fr;
+    }
+    const int got = vmie_win32_functions(v, cr3, module_base, fr, nfn);
+    if (got < 0) { free(heap_fr); return -1; }
+    uint32_t fn_size = 0;
+    for (int f = 0; f < got; f++) {
+        if (fr[f].rva == func_rva) { fn_size = fr[f].size; break; }
+    }
+    free(heap_fr);
+    if (fn_size == 0) { return -1; }               /* not a known function start */
+
+    /* gather the body and view it SECTION_LOCAL (base_va = 0): func_usedef reports
+     * in the view's own coordinate space, so off is a function-local byte offset. */
+    uint8_t* fb = malloc(fn_size);
+    if (!fb) { return -1; }
+    if (gva_read(m, cr3, module_base + func_rva, fb, fn_size)) {
+        free(fb);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    const mem_view_t view = { .data = fb, .size = fn_size, .base_va = 0 };
+    const int n = func_usedef(view, TRACE_ABI_WIN64, out, max);
+
+    free(fb);
+    return n;
+}

src/handlers/codescan.c

@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ static int xref_sweep_cb(void* u, const uint8_t* data, size_t len,
 }
 
 int gva_code_xref(vmie_mem* m, uintptr_t cr3, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi,
-                  uint64_t target_va, uint64_t* out, int max) {
+                  uint32_t prot_any, uint64_t target_va, uint64_t* out, int max) {
     struct xref_cb c; memset(&c, 0, sizeof c);
     c.target = target_va; c.out = out; c.max = max;
-    if (gva_sweep(m, cr3, lo, hi, VR_X, X86_MAX_INSN, xref_sweep_cb, &c) < 0) {
+    if (gva_sweep(m, cr3, lo, hi, prot_any, X86_MAX_INSN, xref_sweep_cb, &c) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
     return c.n;

src/handlers/codetrace.c

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/* codetrace.c - generic register def-use over one function (see codetrace.h).
+ *
+ * Built ONLY when a disassembler backend is selected (VMIE_DISASM != OFF); the
+ * OFF build compiles insndec_stub.c (which also carries func_usedef's sentinel).
+ * It turns one function view into per-instruction register use/def:
+ *   1. split the function into basic blocks - REUSING cfg_blocks (codeanalysis.h),
+ *      not a second splitter - to validate the partition and iterate in order;
+ *   2. step each block with insn_decode (insndec.h), and from each instruction's
+ *      aggregate reads[]/writes[] build the use/def/def_partial/cond_def sets;
+ *   3. at a call site, under a non-NONE trace_abi, merge the static ABI volatile
+ *      clobber into `def` as a FULL kill.
+ *
+ * Boundary: includes ONLY insndec.h, codeanalysis.h (cfg_blocks/code_block) and
+ * codetrace.h plus standard headers. It NEVER includes a backend's own headers -
+ * the decode rides insn_decode, which is itself behind the one backend seam.
+ *
+ * Cold path: a one-shot pass over one function body, not a hot loop.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>     /* malloc/free (block-list overflow only)               */
+#include "insndec.h"
+#include "codetrace.h"
+#include "codeanalysis.h"   /* cfg_blocks, code_block (REUSED splitter)         */
+
+/* Cap on the stack block array; denser functions spill the list to the heap
+ * (same scheme as semsig.c). */
+#define CFG_MAX_BLOCKS 512
+
+/* ---- regset: a bitset over canonical reg_id roots ------------------------ */
+
+/* Set the bit for one reg_id root in a regset. The category fold mirrors the
+ * regset field layout documented in codetrace.h:
+ *   GPR roots   REGID_RAX..REGID_R15 -> gpr bit (root - REGID_RAX)
+ *   vec roots   REGID_VEC0..REGID_VEC31 -> vec_lo bit (root - REGID_VEC0)
+ *   mask roots  REGID_K0..REGID_K7 -> misc bit (root - REGID_K0)
+ *   FLAGS                          -> misc bit 8
+ *   OTHER                          -> misc bit 9
+ * REGID_NONE and out-of-range ids are ignored (no overlap to track). */
+static void rs_set(regset* s, uint8_t root) {
+    if (root >= REGID_RAX && root <= REGID_R15) {
+        s->gpr |= (uint16_t)(1u << (root - REGID_RAX));
+    } else if (root >= REGID_VEC0 && root <= REGID_VEC31) {
+        s->vec_lo |= (uint32_t)1u << (root - REGID_VEC0);
+    } else if (root >= REGID_K0 && root <= REGID_K7) {
+        s->misc |= (uint16_t)(1u << (root - REGID_K0));
+    } else if (root == REGID_FLAGS) {
+        s->misc |= (uint16_t)(1u << 8);
+    } else if (root == REGID_OTHER) {
+        s->misc |= (uint16_t)(1u << 9);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Union b into a (pure value op; no branching on a concrete register). */
+static void rs_or(regset* a, const regset* b) {
+    a->gpr    |= b->gpr;
+    a->vec_lo |= b->vec_lo;
+    a->misc   |= b->misc;
+}
+
+/* ---- Win64 caller-saved (volatile) clobber table ------------------------- */
+
+/* Caller-saved (volatile) roots clobbered across a Win64 call site. Applied as a
+ * FULL kill in `def` (NOT def_partial/cond_def): after a standard Win64 call
+ * these roots are dead from the caller's view. RAX additionally carries the
+ * return value, but RAX is already in this set, so a return value needs no
+ * separate def. Callee-saved roots are deliberately ABSENT (live across a call):
+ *   GPR  saved: RBX RBP RDI RSI RSP R12 R13 R14 R15
+ *   vec  saved: XMM6..XMM15  (VEC6..VEC15 roots)
+ * RSP changes architecturally via call/ret itself (already reported by
+ * insn_decode) and is callee-saved by VALUE, so it is NOT a clobber here.
+ *
+ * Selected by trace_abi: TRACE_ABI_WIN64 -> this set; TRACE_ABI_NONE -> the empty
+ * set, reproducing the prior conservative behavior (no volatile kill on a call).
+ *
+ * HONEST LIMITS (named, not hidden): this models the STANDARD Win64 convention
+ * ONLY - it does NOT catch __vectorcall / custom conventions; the return value is
+ * not a separate def (RAX already covers it); the indirect-call target register
+ * read is supplied by insn_decode, not by this table. */
+static regset win64_clobber(void) {
+    regset s = (regset){ 0, 0, 0 };
+    /* volatile GPR: RAX RCX RDX R8 R9 R10 R11 */
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_RAX); rs_set(&s, REGID_RCX); rs_set(&s, REGID_RDX);
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_R8);  rs_set(&s, REGID_R9);
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_R10); rs_set(&s, REGID_R11);
+    /* volatile vector: XMM0..XMM5 (VEC0..VEC5 and their YMM/ZMM upper) */
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0); rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0 + 1); rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0 + 2);
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0 + 3); rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0 + 4); rs_set(&s, REGID_VEC0 + 5);
+    /* FLAGS */
+    rs_set(&s, REGID_FLAGS);
+    return s;
+}
+
+/* The clobber selected by trace_abi (table ABI -> regset, by value). An unknown
+ * abi falls to the conservative empty set. */
+static regset abi_clobber(trace_abi abi) {
+    switch (abi) {
+        case TRACE_ABI_WIN64: return win64_clobber();
+        case TRACE_ABI_NONE:
+        default:              return (regset){ 0, 0, 0 };
+    }
+}
+
+/* ---- per-instruction use/def -------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Build one insn_usedef from a decoded instruction. A write that zero-extends
+ * (full/64-bit GPR or VEX/EVEX vector) goes to `def` (it KILLS the root); an
+ * 8/16-bit GPR or legacy-SSE write is PARTIAL (-> def_partial, no kill); a
+ * conditional write (cmovcc/setcc) goes to cond_def (no kill). Reads always go to
+ * `use`. The aggregate sets from insn_decode already include implicit operands
+ * (rsp/rdx:rax/FLAGS) and the address registers of memory operands. */
+static void usedef_of(const insn_decoded* d, insn_usedef* ud) {
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < d->nreads && i < INSN_MAX_REGREFS; i++) {
+        rs_set(&ud->use, d->reads[i].root);
+    }
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < d->nwrites && i < INSN_MAX_REGREFS; i++) {
+        const reg_ref* w = &d->writes[i];
+        if (w->access == ACC_COND_WRITE) {
+            rs_set(&ud->cond_def, w->root);
+        } else if (w->writes_zero_extend ||
+                   (w->root >= REGID_RAX && w->root <= REGID_R15 &&
+                    w->width_log2 >= 3)) {
+            /* zero-extending (32-bit) OR a full 64-bit GPR write: a full kill. */
+            rs_set(&ud->def, w->root);
+        } else if (w->root >= REGID_VEC0 && w->root <= REGID_VEC31 &&
+                   w->writes_zero_extend) {
+            rs_set(&ud->def, w->root);
+        } else if (w->root == REGID_FLAGS || w->root >= REGID_K0) {
+            /* FLAGS / mask / other roots: treat a write as a full def (no narrow
+             * sub-register concept to preserve). */
+            rs_set(&ud->def, w->root);
+        } else {
+            /* 8/16-bit GPR or legacy-SSE write: partial, does not kill the root. */
+            rs_set(&ud->def_partial, w->root);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int func_usedef(mem_view_t fn, trace_abi abi, insn_usedef* out, int max) {
+    if (!fn.data || fn.size == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    /* Validate the partition with cfg_blocks (count then gather); -1 is a desync. */
+    const int nb = cfg_blocks(fn, NULL, 0);
+    if (nb < 0) { return -1; }
+    if (nb == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    code_block stack_bb[CFG_MAX_BLOCKS];
+    code_block* bb = stack_bb;
+    code_block* heap_bb = NULL;
+    if (nb > CFG_MAX_BLOCKS) {
+        heap_bb = malloc((size_t)nb * sizeof *heap_bb);
+        if (!heap_bb) { return -1; }
+        bb = heap_bb;
+    }
+    const int got = cfg_blocks(fn, bb, nb);
+    if (got < 0) { free(heap_bb); return -1; }
+    const int use = got < nb ? got : nb;
+
+    const regset clob = abi_clobber(abi);
+
+    /* Step instructions in ascending block order; cfg_blocks already partitions
+     * [0, fn.size) with no gaps, so a linear walk per block covers the function. */
+    int total = 0;
+    for (int b = 0; b < use; b++) {
+        const size_t start = bb[b].start;
+        const size_t end   = bb[b].end <= fn.size ? bb[b].end : fn.size;
+        for (size_t off = start; off < end; ) {
+            insn_decoded d;
+            if (!insn_decode(fn.data, end, off, &d) || d.length == 0) {
+                free(heap_bb);
+                return -1;                          /* backend desync */
+            }
+            insn_usedef ud = (insn_usedef){ 0 };
+            ud.off = (uint32_t)off;
+            ud.len = d.length;
+            usedef_of(&d, &ud);
+            /* Win64 (or any non-NONE abi) call site: merge the volatile clobber
+             * into `def` as a full kill. TRACE_ABI_NONE -> clob is empty (no-op). */
+            if (d.mnemonic_class == INSN_CALL) {
+                rs_or(&ud.def, &clob);
+            }
+            if (out && total < max) { out[total] = ud; }
+            total++;
+            off += d.length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(heap_bb);
+    return total;
+}

src/handlers/insndec.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* insndec.c - generic delegate for the readable per-instruction decode.
+ *
+ * Built ONLY when a disassembler backend is selected (VMIE_DISASM != OFF); the
+ * OFF build compiles insndec_stub.c instead. It is a thin, ABI-agnostic wrapper
+ * over the ONE backend seam (semsig_backend.h: insn_decode_full): it validates
+ * the byte range and forwards to the backend, which fills the public insn_decoded.
+ *
+ * Boundary: includes ONLY insndec.h and semsig_backend.h (the seam) plus standard
+ * headers. It NEVER includes a backend's own headers (Zydis/Capstone) - the rich
+ * decode and the lossy semsig share that single seam. The backend name is the
+ * same backend as semsig, so insndec_backend_name delegates to it.
+ *
+ * ABI-agnostic: nothing here knows about any calling convention. The Win64
+ * volatile clobber lives in codetrace.c, never here.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "insndec.h"
+#include "semsig_backend.h"   /* insn_decode_full, semsig_backend_name (seam) */
+
+int insn_decode(const uint8_t* view, size_t view_size, size_t off,
+                insn_decoded* out) {
+    if (!view || !out || off >= view_size) { return 0; }
+    return insn_decode_full(view + off, view_size - off, out);
+}
+
+const char* insndec_backend_name(void) {
+    /* One backend, one identity: insndec rides the same decoder as semsig. */
+    return semsig_backend_name();
+}

src/handlers/insndec_stub.c

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/* insndec_stub.c - the OFF (no-backend) path of the readable decode + def-use.
+ *
+ * Built into the library ONLY when VMIE_DISASM=OFF (the default). It provides the
+ * full public generic surface of BOTH features so the ABI is stable - linking
+ * never fails for a missing symbol - while the features are not present:
+ *   insn_decode          -> 0  ("not decoded": same idea as the semsig sentinel)
+ *   insndec_backend_name -> "none"
+ *   func_usedef          -> -1 (the cfg_blocks/desync sentinel; no backend)
+ * Callers tell "feature off" from a real empty/undecodable input via the compile-
+ * time macro VMIE_HAVE_DISASM (0 here), NOT via the runtime sentinel.
+ *
+ * One stub carries both surfaces (fewer TUs). The pure types trace_abi / regset /
+ * insn_decoded are visible from the headers even in OFF. In the OFF build
+ * insndec.c / codetrace.c are NOT compiled (they call the backend, absent there);
+ * this stub is the whole generic symbol. See CMakeLists.txt for the selection.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "insndec.h"
+#include "codetrace.h"
+
+int insn_decode(const uint8_t* view, size_t view_size, size_t off,
+                insn_decoded* out) {
+    (void)view; (void)view_size; (void)off; (void)out;
+    return 0;   /* feature not built: nothing decoded */
+}
+
+const char* insndec_backend_name(void) {
+    return "none";
+}
+
+int func_usedef(mem_view_t fn, trace_abi abi, insn_usedef* out, int max) {
+    (void)fn; (void)abi; (void)out; (void)max;
+    return -1;  /* feature not built: same desync/no-backend sentinel as cfg */
+}

src/handlers/semsig.c

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/* semsig.c - normalized (semantic) code-signature core (see semsig.h).
+ *
+ * Built ONLY when a disassembler backend is selected (VMIE_DISASM != OFF); the
+ * OFF build compiles semsig_stub.c instead. It turns one function view into a
+ * register-/value-/reorder-canonical 64-bit hash:
+ *   1. split the function into basic blocks - REUSING cfg_blocks (codeanalysis.h),
+ *      not a second splitter;
+ *   2. step each block with the BACKEND decoder (semsig_backend.h), normalize
+ *      each instruction into a fixed token tuple (the layout documented in
+ *      semsig.h), and FNV-1a-fold that tuple into a per-instruction hash;
+ *   3. fold a block's per-instruction hashes ORDER-INSENSITIVELY (sort, then
+ *      fold) so intra-block instruction scheduling does not change the result;
+ *   4. fold the block hashes into the final hash IN cfg_blocks' order (block
+ *      order is the CFG structure and stays significant).
+ *
+ * Boundary: includes ONLY semsig.h, semsig_backend.h, codeanalysis.h (for
+ * cfg_blocks / code_block) and the standard headers. It NEVER includes a
+ * backend's own headers (Zydis/Capstone) - the seam is semsig_backend.h. The
+ * pure core (x86dec, codeanalysis, ...) is reused, never modified.
+ *
+ * FNV-1a uses the SAME constants and scheme as codeanalysis.c so the hash world
+ * stays stylistically consistent. They are NOT factored into a shared header for
+ * a single second consumer (Rule of three: a tolerated 2nd appearance of two
+ * short #defines); a 3rd consumer would justify a private util.
+ *
+ * Cold path: a one-shot pass over one function body, not a hot loop.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>     /* malloc/free (per-block hash buffer overflow only)    */
+#include "semsig.h"
+#include "semsig_backend.h"
+#include "codeanalysis.h"   /* cfg_blocks, code_block (REUSED splitter)         */
+
+#define FNV64_OFFSET 0xcbf29ce484222325ull
+#define FNV64_PRIME  0x00000100000001b3ull
+
+/* Caps. CFG_MAX_BLOCKS bounds the stack block array; functions with more blocks
+ * spill the block list to the heap. INSN_STACK bounds the per-block per-insn
+ * hash array on the stack; a denser block spills that one buffer to the heap. */
+#define CFG_MAX_BLOCKS 512
+#define INSN_STACK     256
+
+/* Fold one byte into an FNV-1a accumulator. */
+static inline uint64_t fnv_byte(uint64_t h, uint8_t b) {
+    h ^= b;
+    h *= FNV64_PRIME;
+    return h;
+}
+
+/* Normalize ONE decoded instruction into its token tuple and return the
+ * per-instruction FNV-1a hash of that tuple. The tuple layout is the stability
+ * contract documented in semsig.h: mnemonic class, noperands, a flags byte, then
+ * 2 bytes per operand (kind|reg_class, then width_log2|mem-shape flags), plus
+ * the raw opcode for the OTHER class so unclassified instructions still differ.
+ * Pure data->data: no branching on a concrete register, only on its class. */
+static uint64_t token_hash(const sem_insn* in) {
+    uint64_t h = FNV64_OFFSET;
+    h = fnv_byte(h, (uint8_t)(in->mnemonic_class & 0xff));
+    h = fnv_byte(h, (uint8_t)((in->mnemonic_class >> 8) & 0xff));
+    const uint8_t nop = in->noperands <= 4 ? in->noperands : 4;
+    h = fnv_byte(h, nop);
+    h = fnv_byte(h, (uint8_t)(in->is_control_flow ? 0x01u : 0x00u));
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < nop; i++) {
+        const uint8_t b0 = (uint8_t)((in->op[i].kind & 0x0f) |
+                                     ((in->op[i].reg_class & 0x0f) << 4));
+        const uint8_t b1 = (uint8_t)((in->op[i].width_log2 & 0x07) |
+                                     (in->op[i].mem_has_base  ? 0x08u : 0u) |
+                                     (in->op[i].mem_has_index ? 0x10u : 0u) |
+                                     (in->op[i].mem_is_riprel ? 0x20u : 0u));
+        h = fnv_byte(h, b0);
+        h = fnv_byte(h, b1);
+    }
+    if (in->mnemonic_class == SEM_MN_OTHER) {
+        h = fnv_byte(h, in->raw_opcode);   /* keep unclassified ops distinct */
+    }
+    return h;
+}
+
+/* Ascending uint64_t comparator for the deterministic per-block sort. The sort
+ * is what makes the within-block fold order-INSENSITIVE while keeping the
+ * MULTISET (duplicates survive, their count is significant). A plain xor/sum was
+ * REJECTED: xor cancels identical-instruction pairs (a block "loses" two equal
+ * moves) and sum collides easily on multiset permutations; sort-then-fold avoids
+ * both. */
+static int cmp_u64(const void* a, const void* b) {
+    const uint64_t x = *(const uint64_t*)a;
+    const uint64_t y = *(const uint64_t*)b;
+    return (x > y) - (x < y);
+}
+
+/* Fold one basic block [start, end) of `fn` into a block hash, stepping the
+ * BACKEND decoder from start to end and order-insensitively folding the per-insn
+ * hashes. Returns 1 on success and writes *out; returns 0 on backend desync
+ * (an undecodable instruction inside the block) - the caller turns that into the
+ * 0 "no hash" sentinel. */
+static int fold_block(mem_view_t fn, const code_block* blk, uint64_t* out) {
+    const size_t start = blk->start;
+    const size_t end   = blk->end <= fn.size ? blk->end : fn.size;
+    if (end <= start) { *out = FNV64_OFFSET; return 1; }   /* empty block */
+
+    uint64_t stack_h[INSN_STACK];
+    uint64_t* hh = stack_h;
+    uint64_t* heap_h = NULL;
+    const size_t span = end - start;                  /* >= 1 insn per byte */
+    if (span > INSN_STACK) {
+        heap_h = malloc(span * sizeof *heap_h);
+        if (!heap_h) { return 0; }
+        hh = heap_h;
+    }
+
+    size_t n = 0;
+    int ok = 1;
+    for (size_t off = start; off < end; ) {
+        sem_insn in;
+        if (!semsig_backend_decode(fn.data + off, end - off, &in) ||
+            in.length == 0) {
+            ok = 0;
+            break;                                    /* backend desync */
+        }
+        hh[n++] = token_hash(&in);
+        off += in.length;
+    }
+
+    if (ok) {
+        qsort(hh, n, sizeof *hh, cmp_u64);            /* order-insensitive */
+        uint64_t h = FNV64_OFFSET;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            const uint64_t v = hh[i];
+            for (int b = 0; b < 8; b++) {
+                h = fnv_byte(h, (uint8_t)((v >> (b * 8)) & 0xff));
+            }
+        }
+        *out = h;
+    }
+
+    free(heap_h);
+    return ok;
+}
+
+uint64_t semsig_hash(mem_view_t fn) __attribute__((cold));
+uint64_t semsig_hash(mem_view_t fn) {
+    if (!fn.data || fn.size == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    /* Block partition (count then gather), REUSING cfg_blocks - -1 is a desync
+     * and maps to the 0 sentinel. cfg_blocks gives ORDER-of-blocks boundaries;
+     * the within-block step uses the backend, so a backend/x86_decode length
+     * disagreement only ever turns into the 0 sentinel, never a wrong hash. */
+    const int nb = cfg_blocks(fn, NULL, 0);
+    if (nb <= 0) { return 0; }
+
+    code_block stack_bb[CFG_MAX_BLOCKS];
+    code_block* bb = stack_bb;
+    code_block* heap_bb = NULL;
+    if (nb > CFG_MAX_BLOCKS) {
+        heap_bb = malloc((size_t)nb * sizeof *heap_bb);
+        if (!heap_bb) { return 0; }
+        bb = heap_bb;
+    }
+    const int got = cfg_blocks(fn, bb, nb);
+    if (got <= 0) { free(heap_bb); return 0; }
+    const int use = got < nb ? got : nb;
+
+    /* Fold block hashes into the final hash IN cfg_blocks' ascending-start order:
+     * block order is the CFG structure and stays significant (only WITHIN a
+     * block is the fold order-insensitive). */
+    uint64_t h = FNV64_OFFSET;
+    for (int i = 0; i < use; i++) {
+        uint64_t bh;
+        if (!fold_block(fn, &bb[i], &bh)) {           /* backend desync */
+            free(heap_bb);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        for (int b = 0; b < 8; b++) {
+            h = fnv_byte(h, (uint8_t)((bh >> (b * 8)) & 0xff));
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(heap_bb);
+    return h;
+}

src/handlers/semsig_backend.h

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/* semsig_backend.h - backend-agnostic operand-decode boundary (PRIVATE).
+ *
+ * The ONE place semsig.c talks to an external disassembler. Each concrete
+ * backend (Zydis, Capstone, ...) provides exactly the entities below; semsig.c
+ * includes THIS header and NEVER a backend's own headers. That keeps the
+ * operand-decode dependency behind a single seam so the feature core stays
+ * backend-neutral and the resulting hash is domain-stable across backends.
+ *
+ * This header is intentionally NOT in include/ - it is an implementation detail
+ * of the feature, not public API. The public surface is semsig.h.
+ */
+#ifndef VMIE_SEMSIG_BACKEND_H
+#define VMIE_SEMSIG_BACKEND_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "insndec.h"    /* insn_decoded - the rich decode type shared with the
+                         * public insndec.h surface; backend TUs fill it here so
+                         * the type is defined ONCE, not duplicated at the seam.
+                         * Raw backend enums still never leak (normalized in TU). */
+
+/* Operand kind, normalized. Carried in sem_insn.op[].kind. */
+enum {
+    SEMOP_NONE = 0,   /* no operand in this slot                              */
+    SEMOP_REG,        /* register operand (identity erased, class kept)       */
+    SEMOP_MEM,        /* memory operand (shape kept: base/index/riprel flags) */
+    SEMOP_IMM         /* immediate operand (value erased, width kept)         */
+};
+
+/* Canonical register class. Carried in sem_insn.op[].reg_class. The concrete
+ * register id is NEVER carried across the seam - only its class - so a compiler
+ * register reshuffle (rax<->rcx) does not change the normalized token. */
+enum {
+    SEM_RC_NONE = 0,  /* not a register / unknown                             */
+    SEM_RC_GPR,       /* general-purpose integer register (al..r15)           */
+    SEM_RC_XMM,       /* vector register (xmm/ymm/zmm)                         */
+    SEM_RC_MASK,      /* AVX-512 mask register (k0..k7)                       */
+    SEM_RC_SEG,       /* segment register                                    */
+    SEM_RC_FLAGS,     /* flags / control / other special register             */
+    SEM_RC_OTHER      /* any register class not distinguished above           */
+};
+
+/* Backend-neutral mnemonic CLASS ids. NOT a 1:1 map of every mnemonic: only the
+ * groups that matter for normalization. Each backend TU maps its own mnemonic
+ * enum into these with a static table; unclassified mnemonics fall to
+ * SEM_MN_OTHER, for which semsig.c additionally folds the raw opcode byte(s) so
+ * they still differ from one another. These ids are part of the hash's
+ * stability contract (see the token layout in semsig.h). */
+enum {
+    SEM_MN_OTHER = 0, /* unclassified - raw opcode folded in (see semsig.h)   */
+    SEM_MN_MOV,       /* register/memory moves (mov, movzx, movsx, lea, ...)  */
+    SEM_MN_ARITH,     /* add/sub/inc/dec/neg/adc/sbb/mul/imul/div/idiv        */
+    SEM_MN_LOGIC,     /* and/or/xor/not/shl/shr/sar/rol/ror                   */
+    SEM_MN_CMP,       /* cmp                                                  */
+    SEM_MN_TEST,      /* test                                                 */
+    SEM_MN_BRANCH,    /* conditional jump (jcc) / setcc / cmovcc              */
+    SEM_MN_JMP,       /* unconditional jmp                                    */
+    SEM_MN_CALL,      /* call                                                 */
+    SEM_MN_RET,       /* ret / retf / leave epilogue return                   */
+    SEM_MN_PUSH,      /* push                                                 */
+    SEM_MN_POP,       /* pop                                                  */
+    SEM_MN_LEA,       /* lea (address computation; kept distinct from mov)    */
+    SEM_MN_NOP,       /* nop / padding                                        */
+    SEM_MN_FLOAT,     /* x87/SSE/AVX float arithmetic                         */
+    SEM_MN_VEC        /* integer/other vector ops                             */
+};
+
+/* A decoded instruction reduced to ONLY what normalization needs - no full
+ * operand model leaks across the seam. */
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t  length;          /* full instruction length in bytes (>= 1)       */
+    uint16_t mnemonic_class;  /* one of SEM_MN_* (backend-neutral group id)    */
+    uint8_t  is_control_flow; /* 1 if branch/call/ret (affects normalization)  */
+    uint8_t  noperands;       /* number of meaningful operands (0..4)          */
+    uint8_t  raw_opcode;      /* for SEM_MN_OTHER: a raw opcode byte to fold,
+                               * so unclassified instructions still differ; 0
+                               * (and unused) for classified instructions      */
+    struct {
+        uint8_t kind;         /* SEMOP_NONE / SEMOP_REG / SEMOP_MEM / SEMOP_IMM */
+        uint8_t reg_class;    /* SEM_RC_* canonical register class (not an id)  */
+        uint8_t width_log2;   /* operand size as log2 bytes (0=1B..4=16B), or 0 */
+        uint8_t mem_has_base; /* memory operand has a base register             */
+        uint8_t mem_has_index;/* memory operand has an index register           */
+        uint8_t mem_is_riprel;/* memory operand is RIP-relative                 */
+    } op[4];
+} sem_insn;
+
+/* Decode ONE instruction at code[0..avail). Returns 1 on success (fills *out),
+ * 0 on undecodable / not enough bytes. Stateless: no allocation, no I/O, no
+ * shared mutable state - reentrant. */
+int semsig_backend_decode(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, sem_insn* out);
+
+/* The SECOND projection of the same backend parse: a full, lossless decode into
+ * the public insn_decoded (insndec.h) - concrete register roots, values, sizes,
+ * per-operand access, and the aggregate implicit-or-explicit read/write sets
+ * (incl. rsp/rdx:rax/FLAGS). ABI-AGNOSTIC: `call` reports only architectural
+ * effects (rsp/rip write, indirect target read), NEVER a volatile clobber. Each
+ * backend TU implements BOTH this and semsig_backend_decode behind the ONE seam.
+ * Returns 1 on success (fills *out), 0 on undecodable / not enough bytes.
+ * Stateless / reentrant - no allocation, no I/O, no shared mutable state. */
+int insn_decode_full(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, insn_decoded* out);
+
+/* Stable backend identity for diagnostics / hash-domain tagging. Static,
+ * never-NULL. This declaration is shared with semsig.h's public symbol of the
+ * same name; the concrete backend TU (or the stub) defines it once. */
+const char* semsig_backend_name(void);
+
+#endif /* VMIE_SEMSIG_BACKEND_H */

src/handlers/semsig_backend_capstone.c

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+/* semsig_backend_capstone.c - Capstone implementation of the operand-decode seam.
+ *
+ * The ONE TU that includes Capstone headers and links its library. It implements
+ * the semsig_backend.h contract: decode one x86-64 instruction into a sem_insn
+ * (length, backend-neutral mnemonic class, normalized operands), and report the
+ * backend name. Built ONLY when VMIE_DISASM=capstone (see CMakeLists.txt).
+ *
+ * Stateless: a Capstone handle is opened/closed on the call stack per decode, no
+ * global mutable state - reentrant. Capstone allocates internally for cs_disasm;
+ * the buffer is freed before return so there is no leak across the seam.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <capstone/capstone.h>
+#include "semsig_backend.h"
+
+/* Map a Capstone x86 instruction id to a backend-neutral SEM_MN_* class. STATIC
+ * table, not a switch forest; unlisted ids fall through to SEM_MN_OTHER (where
+ * the core folds the raw opcode). Conditional branches (Jcc) are a family folded
+ * by Capstone group, handled before the table lookup. */
+typedef struct { unsigned int id; uint16_t cls; } mn_map;
+
+static const mn_map MN_TABLE[] = {
+    /* moves */
+    { X86_INS_MOV,    SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVZX,  SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVSX,  SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVSXD, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVAPS, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVAPD, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVDQA, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVDQU, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVD,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_MOVQ,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_XCHG,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { X86_INS_LEA,    SEM_MN_LEA },
+    /* arithmetic */
+    { X86_INS_ADD,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_ADC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_SUB,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_SBB,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_INC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_DEC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_NEG,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_MUL,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_IMUL,   SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_DIV,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { X86_INS_IDIV,   SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    /* logic / shifts */
+    { X86_INS_AND,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_OR,     SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_XOR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_NOT,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_SHL,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_SHR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_SAR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_ROL,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { X86_INS_ROR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    /* compare / test */
+    { X86_INS_CMP,    SEM_MN_CMP },
+    { X86_INS_TEST,   SEM_MN_TEST },
+    /* control flow */
+    { X86_INS_JMP,    SEM_MN_JMP },
+    { X86_INS_CALL,   SEM_MN_CALL },
+    { X86_INS_RET,    SEM_MN_RET },
+    { X86_INS_RETF,   SEM_MN_RET },
+    { X86_INS_RETFQ,  SEM_MN_RET },
+    { X86_INS_PUSH,   SEM_MN_PUSH },
+    { X86_INS_POP,    SEM_MN_POP },
+    { X86_INS_NOP,    SEM_MN_NOP },
+};
+
+/* True if `g` is among the instruction's Capstone groups. */
+static int has_group(const cs_insn* in, uint8_t g) {
+    const cs_detail* d = in->detail;
+    if (!d) { return 0; }
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < d->groups_count; i++) {
+        if (d->groups[i] == g) { return 1; }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static uint16_t classify_mnemonic(const cs_insn* in) {
+    if (has_group(in, X86_GRP_CALL)) { return SEM_MN_CALL; }
+    if (has_group(in, X86_GRP_RET))  { return SEM_MN_RET; }
+    if (has_group(in, X86_GRP_JUMP)) {
+        /* unconditional jmp vs conditional jcc: JMP id is unconditional. */
+        return (in->id == X86_INS_JMP) ? SEM_MN_JMP : SEM_MN_BRANCH;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof MN_TABLE / sizeof MN_TABLE[0]; i++) {
+        if (MN_TABLE[i].id == in->id) { return MN_TABLE[i].cls; }
+    }
+    if (has_group(in, X86_GRP_FPU)) { return SEM_MN_FLOAT; }
+    if (has_group(in, X86_GRP_SSE) || has_group(in, X86_GRP_SSE1) ||
+        has_group(in, X86_GRP_SSE2)) { return SEM_MN_VEC; }
+    return SEM_MN_OTHER;
+}
+
+/* Map a Capstone x86 register id to a canonical SEM_RC_* class. Capstone has no
+ * single "register class" accessor; classify by the documented id ranges. */
+static uint8_t reg_class_of(unsigned int reg) {
+    if (reg == X86_REG_INVALID) { return SEM_RC_NONE; }
+    if ((reg >= X86_REG_AH && reg <= X86_REG_BH) ||
+        (reg >= X86_REG_AL && reg <= X86_REG_R15D) ||
+        (reg >= X86_REG_RAX && reg <= X86_REG_RBP) ||
+        (reg >= X86_REG_RSP && reg <= X86_REG_RDI) ||
+        (reg >= X86_REG_R8 && reg <= X86_REG_R15)) { return SEM_RC_GPR; }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_XMM0 && reg <= X86_REG_ZMM31) { return SEM_RC_XMM; }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_K0 && reg <= X86_REG_K7) { return SEM_RC_MASK; }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_CS && reg <= X86_REG_SS) { return SEM_RC_SEG; }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_EFLAGS && reg <= X86_REG_RIP) { return SEM_RC_FLAGS; }
+    return SEM_RC_OTHER;
+}
+
+static uint8_t width_log2_of(uint8_t size_bytes) {
+    uint8_t l = 0;
+    uint8_t v = size_bytes;
+    while (v > 1u && l < 4u) { v >>= 1; l++; }
+    return l;
+}
+
+int semsig_backend_decode(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, sem_insn* out) {
+    if (!code || !out || avail == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    csh h;
+    if (cs_open(CS_ARCH_X86, CS_MODE_64, &h) != CS_ERR_OK) { return 0; }
+    cs_option(h, CS_OPT_DETAIL, CS_OPT_ON);
+
+    cs_insn* insn = NULL;
+    const size_t n = cs_disasm(h, code, avail, 0, 1, &insn);
+    if (n < 1 || !insn) {
+        if (insn) { cs_free(insn, n); }
+        cs_close(&h);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof *out; i++) { ((uint8_t*)out)[i] = 0; }
+    out->length         = (uint8_t)insn->size;
+    out->mnemonic_class = classify_mnemonic(insn);
+    out->is_control_flow =
+        (has_group(insn, X86_GRP_JUMP) || has_group(insn, X86_GRP_CALL) ||
+         has_group(insn, X86_GRP_RET)) ? 1u : 0u;
+    out->raw_opcode = (out->mnemonic_class == SEM_MN_OTHER && insn->detail)
+                      ? insn->detail->x86.opcode[0] : 0u;
+
+    uint8_t no = 0;
+    if (insn->detail) {
+        const cs_x86* x = &insn->detail->x86;
+        for (uint8_t i = 0; i < x->op_count && no < 4; i++) {
+            const cs_x86_op* o = &x->operands[i];
+            switch (o->type) {
+                case X86_OP_REG:
+                    out->op[no].kind       = SEMOP_REG;
+                    out->op[no].reg_class  = reg_class_of(o->reg);
+                    out->op[no].width_log2 = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                case X86_OP_MEM:
+                    out->op[no].kind          = SEMOP_MEM;
+                    out->op[no].width_log2    = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                    out->op[no].mem_has_base  =
+                        (o->mem.base != X86_REG_INVALID &&
+                         o->mem.base != X86_REG_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                    out->op[no].mem_has_index =
+                        (o->mem.index != X86_REG_INVALID) ? 1u : 0u;
+                    out->op[no].mem_is_riprel =
+                        (o->mem.base == X86_REG_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                case X86_OP_IMM:
+                    out->op[no].kind       = SEMOP_IMM;
+                    out->op[no].width_log2 = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out->noperands = no;
+
+    cs_free(insn, n);
+    cs_close(&h);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* ---- rich decode (insn_decode_full): the lossless projection ------------- */
+
+/* Map a Capstone x86 register id to a canonical reg_id ROOT (al/ax/eax/rax ->
+ * REGID_RAX, xmm/ymm/zmm -> a REGID_VEC* root, k0..k7 -> REGID_K*). Capstone has
+ * no "largest enclosing" helper, so fold by the documented id ranges (the same
+ * approach reg_class_of already uses). The raw x86_reg never leaves this TU. */
+static uint8_t reg_root_of(unsigned int reg) {
+    switch (reg) {
+        case X86_REG_AL: case X86_REG_AH: case X86_REG_AX:
+        case X86_REG_EAX: case X86_REG_RAX: return REGID_RAX;
+        case X86_REG_CL: case X86_REG_CH: case X86_REG_CX:
+        case X86_REG_ECX: case X86_REG_RCX: return REGID_RCX;
+        case X86_REG_DL: case X86_REG_DH: case X86_REG_DX:
+        case X86_REG_EDX: case X86_REG_RDX: return REGID_RDX;
+        case X86_REG_BL: case X86_REG_BH: case X86_REG_BX:
+        case X86_REG_EBX: case X86_REG_RBX: return REGID_RBX;
+        case X86_REG_SPL: case X86_REG_SP: case X86_REG_ESP:
+        case X86_REG_RSP: return REGID_RSP;
+        case X86_REG_BPL: case X86_REG_BP: case X86_REG_EBP:
+        case X86_REG_RBP: return REGID_RBP;
+        case X86_REG_SIL: case X86_REG_SI: case X86_REG_ESI:
+        case X86_REG_RSI: return REGID_RSI;
+        case X86_REG_DIL: case X86_REG_DI: case X86_REG_EDI:
+        case X86_REG_RDI: return REGID_RDI;
+        case X86_REG_R8B: case X86_REG_R8W: case X86_REG_R8D:
+        case X86_REG_R8: return REGID_R8;
+        case X86_REG_R9B: case X86_REG_R9W: case X86_REG_R9D:
+        case X86_REG_R9: return REGID_R9;
+        case X86_REG_R10B: case X86_REG_R10W: case X86_REG_R10D:
+        case X86_REG_R10: return REGID_R10;
+        case X86_REG_R11B: case X86_REG_R11W: case X86_REG_R11D:
+        case X86_REG_R11: return REGID_R11;
+        case X86_REG_R12B: case X86_REG_R12W: case X86_REG_R12D:
+        case X86_REG_R12: return REGID_R12;
+        case X86_REG_R13B: case X86_REG_R13W: case X86_REG_R13D:
+        case X86_REG_R13: return REGID_R13;
+        case X86_REG_R14B: case X86_REG_R14W: case X86_REG_R14D:
+        case X86_REG_R14: return REGID_R14;
+        case X86_REG_R15B: case X86_REG_R15W: case X86_REG_R15D:
+        case X86_REG_R15: return REGID_R15;
+        default: break;
+    }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_XMM0 && reg <= X86_REG_XMM31) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_VEC0 + (reg - X86_REG_XMM0));
+    }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_YMM0 && reg <= X86_REG_YMM31) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_VEC0 + (reg - X86_REG_YMM0));
+    }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_ZMM0 && reg <= X86_REG_ZMM31) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_VEC0 + (reg - X86_REG_ZMM0));
+    }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_K0 && reg <= X86_REG_K7) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_K0 + (reg - X86_REG_K0));
+    }
+    if (reg == X86_REG_EFLAGS) { return REGID_FLAGS; }
+    if (reg == X86_REG_INVALID) { return REGID_NONE; }
+    return REGID_OTHER;
+}
+
+/* Approximate the ACCESS width of a register in log2 bytes from its sub-register
+ * id (Capstone register ids encode the width); used when only an id is known
+ * (cs_regs_access returns ids without sizes). Coarse but enough for overlap. */
+static uint8_t reg_width_log2(unsigned int reg) {
+    switch (reg) {
+        case X86_REG_AL: case X86_REG_AH: case X86_REG_CL: case X86_REG_CH:
+        case X86_REG_DL: case X86_REG_DH: case X86_REG_BL: case X86_REG_BH:
+        case X86_REG_SPL: case X86_REG_BPL: case X86_REG_SIL: case X86_REG_DIL:
+        case X86_REG_R8B: case X86_REG_R9B: case X86_REG_R10B:
+        case X86_REG_R11B: case X86_REG_R12B: case X86_REG_R13B:
+        case X86_REG_R14B: case X86_REG_R15B: return 0;
+        case X86_REG_AX: case X86_REG_CX: case X86_REG_DX: case X86_REG_BX:
+        case X86_REG_SP: case X86_REG_BP: case X86_REG_SI: case X86_REG_DI:
+        case X86_REG_R8W: case X86_REG_R9W: case X86_REG_R10W:
+        case X86_REG_R11W: case X86_REG_R12W: case X86_REG_R13W:
+        case X86_REG_R14W: case X86_REG_R15W: return 1;
+        case X86_REG_EAX: case X86_REG_ECX: case X86_REG_EDX: case X86_REG_EBX:
+        case X86_REG_ESP: case X86_REG_EBP: case X86_REG_ESI: case X86_REG_EDI:
+        case X86_REG_R8D: case X86_REG_R9D: case X86_REG_R10D:
+        case X86_REG_R11D: case X86_REG_R12D: case X86_REG_R13D:
+        case X86_REG_R14D: case X86_REG_R15D: return 2;
+        default: break;
+    }
+    if (reg >= X86_REG_XMM0 && reg <= X86_REG_XMM31) { return 4; }
+    return 3;   /* 64-bit GPR / vector-as-root / other: default qword */
+}
+
+/* Backend-neutral mnemonic CLASS for the rich decode (insn_class enum), by
+ * translating the existing classify_mnemonic SEM_MN_* result. */
+static uint8_t insn_class_of(const cs_insn* in) {
+    switch (classify_mnemonic(in)) {
+        case SEM_MN_MOV:    return INSN_MOV;
+        case SEM_MN_ARITH:  return INSN_ARITH;
+        case SEM_MN_LOGIC:  return INSN_LOGIC;
+        case SEM_MN_CMP:    return INSN_CMP;
+        case SEM_MN_TEST:   return INSN_TEST;
+        case SEM_MN_BRANCH: return INSN_BRANCH;
+        case SEM_MN_JMP:    return INSN_JMP;
+        case SEM_MN_CALL:   return INSN_CALL;
+        case SEM_MN_RET:    return INSN_RET;
+        case SEM_MN_PUSH:   return INSN_PUSH;
+        case SEM_MN_POP:    return INSN_POP;
+        case SEM_MN_LEA:    return INSN_LEA;
+        case SEM_MN_NOP:    return INSN_NOP;
+        case SEM_MN_FLOAT:  return INSN_FLOAT;
+        case SEM_MN_VEC:    return INSN_VEC;
+        default:            return INSN_OTHER;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Normalize a Capstone cs_ac_type access mask to a reg_access. */
+static uint8_t access_of(uint8_t a) {
+    const int r = (a & CS_AC_READ)  != 0;
+    const int w = (a & CS_AC_WRITE) != 0;
+    if (r && w) { return ACC_READWRITE; }
+    if (r)      { return ACC_READ; }
+    if (w)      { return ACC_WRITE; }
+    return ACC_NONE;
+}
+
+/* writes_zero_extend rule (see insndec.h): 32-bit GPR write zero-extends; EVEX/
+ * VEX vector write zero-extends the upper part; 8/16-bit and legacy-SSE are
+ * partial. */
+static uint8_t zx_of(uint8_t root, uint8_t width_log2, int vector_evex_vex) {
+    if (root >= REGID_RAX && root <= REGID_R15) {
+        return (width_log2 == 2) ? 1u : 0u;
+    }
+    if (root >= REGID_VEC0 && root <= REGID_VEC31) {
+        return vector_evex_vex ? 1u : 0u;
+    }
+    return 0u;
+}
+
+static void regset_add(reg_ref* set, uint8_t* n, uint8_t root,
+                       uint8_t width_log2, uint8_t zx, uint8_t access) {
+    if (root == REGID_NONE) { return; }
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < *n && i < INSN_MAX_REGREFS; i++) {
+        if (set[i].root == root) {
+            if (width_log2 > set[i].width_log2) {
+                set[i].width_log2 = width_log2;
+                set[i].writes_zero_extend = zx;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if (*n < INSN_MAX_REGREFS) {
+        set[*n].root = root;
+        set[*n].width_log2 = width_log2;
+        set[*n].writes_zero_extend = zx;
+        set[*n].access = access;
+    }
+    (*n)++;
+}
+
+int insn_decode_full(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, insn_decoded* out) {
+    if (!code || !out || avail == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    csh h;
+    if (cs_open(CS_ARCH_X86, CS_MODE_64, &h) != CS_ERR_OK) { return 0; }
+    cs_option(h, CS_OPT_DETAIL, CS_OPT_ON);
+
+    cs_insn* insn = NULL;
+    const size_t n = cs_disasm(h, code, avail, 0, 1, &insn);
+    if (n < 1 || !insn) {
+        if (insn) { cs_free(insn, n); }
+        cs_close(&h);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof *out; i++) { ((uint8_t*)out)[i] = 0; }
+    out->length          = (uint8_t)insn->size;
+    out->mnemonic_class  = insn_class_of(insn);
+    out->is_control_flow =
+        (has_group(insn, X86_GRP_JUMP) || has_group(insn, X86_GRP_CALL) ||
+         has_group(insn, X86_GRP_RET)) ? 1u : 0u;
+
+    if (insn->detail) {
+        const cs_x86* x = &insn->detail->x86;
+        /* A VEX/EVEX form zero-extends the upper part of a written vector root;
+         * legacy-SSE preserves it. Detect by the VEX/EVEX leading opcode byte. */
+        const int is_vex_evex =
+            (x->opcode[0] == 0xC4 || x->opcode[0] == 0xC5 || x->opcode[0] == 0x62);
+
+        /* Explicit operands (readable view): op[]. */
+        uint8_t no = 0;
+        for (uint8_t i = 0; i < x->op_count && no < INSN_MAX_OPERANDS; i++) {
+            const cs_x86_op* o = &x->operands[i];
+            const uint8_t acc = access_of(o->access);
+            const uint8_t wl  = width_log2_of(o->size);
+            switch (o->type) {
+                case X86_OP_REG: {
+                    const uint8_t root = reg_root_of(o->reg);
+                    out->op[no].kind            = OPND_REG;
+                    out->op[no].access          = acc;
+                    out->op[no].width_log2      = wl;
+                    out->op[no].reg_root        = root;
+                    out->op[no].reg_zero_extend = zx_of(root, wl, is_vex_evex);
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                }
+                case X86_OP_MEM:
+                    out->op[no].kind          = OPND_MEM;
+                    out->op[no].access        = acc;
+                    out->op[no].width_log2    = wl;
+                    out->op[no].mem_base      =
+                        (o->mem.base == X86_REG_RIP) ? REGID_NONE
+                                                     : reg_root_of(o->mem.base);
+                    out->op[no].mem_index     = reg_root_of(o->mem.index);
+                    out->op[no].mem_scale     = (uint8_t)o->mem.scale;
+                    out->op[no].mem_is_riprel =
+                        (o->mem.base == X86_REG_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                    out->op[no].mem_disp      = o->mem.disp;
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                case X86_OP_IMM:
+                    out->op[no].kind           = OPND_IMM;
+                    out->op[no].access         = ACC_READ;
+                    out->op[no].imm_width_log2 = wl;
+                    out->op[no].imm_value      = o->imm;
+                    no++;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        out->noperands = no;
+
+        /* Aggregate implicit-or-explicit register sets via cs_regs_access: the
+         * FULL read/write sets including rsp/rdx:rax/EFLAGS. EFLAGS -> REGID_FLAGS;
+         * vector writes carry zero-extend by form. */
+        cs_regs rd, wr;
+        uint8_t nrd = 0, nwr = 0;
+        if (cs_regs_access(h, insn, rd, &nrd, wr, &nwr) == CS_ERR_OK) {
+            for (uint8_t i = 0; i < nrd; i++) {
+                const uint8_t root = reg_root_of(rd[i]);
+                regset_add(out->reads, &out->nreads, root,
+                           reg_width_log2(rd[i]), 0, ACC_READ);
+            }
+            for (uint8_t i = 0; i < nwr; i++) {
+                const uint8_t root = reg_root_of(wr[i]);
+                const uint8_t wl = reg_width_log2(wr[i]);
+                regset_add(out->writes, &out->nwrites, root, wl,
+                           zx_of(root, wl, is_vex_evex), ACC_WRITE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    cs_free(insn, n);
+    cs_close(&h);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+const char* semsig_backend_name(void) {
+    return "capstone";
+}

src/handlers/semsig_backend_zydis.c

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+/* semsig_backend_zydis.c - Zydis implementation of the operand-decode seam.
+ *
+ * The ONE TU that includes Zydis headers and links its library. It implements
+ * the semsig_backend.h contract: decode one x86-64 instruction into a sem_insn
+ * (length, backend-neutral mnemonic class, normalized operands), and report the
+ * backend name. Built ONLY when VMIE_DISASM=zydis (see CMakeLists.txt).
+ *
+ * Stateless: a ZydisDecoder is initialized on the call stack per decode, no
+ * global mutable state - reentrant, no allocation, no I/O.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <Zydis/Zydis.h>
+#include "semsig_backend.h"
+
+/* Map a Zydis mnemonic to a backend-neutral SEM_MN_* class. A STATIC table, not
+ * a switch forest: only the groups that matter for normalization are listed;
+ * everything else falls through to SEM_MN_OTHER (where the core folds the raw
+ * opcode so unclassified instructions still differ). Keep entries sorted by
+ * mnemonic for readability; lookup is a linear scan (cold path, one per insn). */
+typedef struct { ZydisMnemonic mn; uint16_t cls; } mn_map;
+
+static const mn_map MN_TABLE[] = {
+    /* moves */
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOV,    SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVZX,  SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVSX,  SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVSXD, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVAPS, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVAPD, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVDQA, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVDQU, SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVD,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MOVQ,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_XCHG,   SEM_MN_MOV },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_LEA,    SEM_MN_LEA },
+    /* arithmetic */
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_ADD,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_ADC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_SUB,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_SBB,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_INC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_DEC,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_NEG,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_MUL,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_IMUL,   SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_DIV,    SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_IDIV,   SEM_MN_ARITH },
+    /* logic / shifts */
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_AND,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_OR,     SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_XOR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_NOT,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_SHL,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_SHR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_SAR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_ROL,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_ROR,    SEM_MN_LOGIC },
+    /* compare / test */
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_CMP,    SEM_MN_CMP },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_TEST,   SEM_MN_TEST },
+    /* control flow */
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_JMP,    SEM_MN_JMP },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_CALL,   SEM_MN_CALL },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_RET,    SEM_MN_RET },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_PUSH,   SEM_MN_PUSH },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_POP,    SEM_MN_POP },
+    { ZYDIS_MNEMONIC_NOP,    SEM_MN_NOP },
+};
+
+/* jcc / setcc / cmovcc are a wide family; classify them by Zydis meta category
+ * rather than enumerating every conditional mnemonic. */
+static uint16_t classify_mnemonic(const ZydisDecodedInstruction* insn) {
+    /* conditional branch family -> BRANCH */
+    if (insn->meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_COND_BR) { return SEM_MN_BRANCH; }
+    if (insn->meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_UNCOND_BR) { return SEM_MN_JMP; }
+    if (insn->meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_CALL) { return SEM_MN_CALL; }
+    if (insn->meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_RET) { return SEM_MN_RET; }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof MN_TABLE / sizeof MN_TABLE[0]; i++) {
+        if (MN_TABLE[i].mn == insn->mnemonic) { return MN_TABLE[i].cls; }
+    }
+
+    /* float / vector fall-backs by meta category, else OTHER. */
+    if (insn->meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_X87_ALU) { return SEM_MN_FLOAT; }
+    if (insn->meta.isa_set >= ZYDIS_ISA_SET_SSE &&
+        insn->meta.isa_set <= ZYDIS_ISA_SET_SSE4A) { return SEM_MN_VEC; }
+    return SEM_MN_OTHER;
+}
+
+/* Map a Zydis register to a canonical SEM_RC_* class (identity erased). */
+static uint8_t reg_class_of(ZydisRegister reg) {
+    const ZydisRegisterClass rc = ZydisRegisterGetClass(reg);
+    switch (rc) {
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_GPR8:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_GPR16:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_GPR32:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_GPR64: return SEM_RC_GPR;
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_XMM:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_YMM:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_ZMM:   return SEM_RC_XMM;
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_MASK:  return SEM_RC_MASK;
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_SEGMENT: return SEM_RC_SEG;
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_FLAGS:
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_IP:    return SEM_RC_FLAGS;
+        case ZYDIS_REGCLASS_INVALID: return SEM_RC_NONE;
+        default:                   return SEM_RC_OTHER;
+    }
+}
+
+/* width in bytes -> log2 (0..4), saturating. */
+static uint8_t width_log2_of(uint16_t size_bits) {
+    const uint32_t bytes = (uint32_t)size_bits / 8u;
+    uint8_t l = 0;
+    uint32_t v = bytes;
+    while (v > 1u && l < 4u) { v >>= 1; l++; }
+    return l;
+}
+
+int semsig_backend_decode(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, sem_insn* out) {
+    if (!code || !out || avail == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    ZydisDecoder dec;
+    if (ZYAN_FAILED(ZydisDecoderInit(&dec, ZYDIS_MACHINE_MODE_LONG_64,
+                                     ZYDIS_STACK_WIDTH_64))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    ZydisDecodedInstruction insn;
+    ZydisDecodedOperand ops[ZYDIS_MAX_OPERAND_COUNT];
+    if (ZYAN_FAILED(ZydisDecoderDecodeFull(&dec, code, avail, &insn, ops))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof *out; i++) { ((uint8_t*)out)[i] = 0; }
+    out->length         = (uint8_t)insn.length;
+    out->mnemonic_class = classify_mnemonic(&insn);
+    out->is_control_flow =
+        (insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_COND_BR ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_UNCOND_BR ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_CALL ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_RET) ? 1u : 0u;
+    out->raw_opcode = (out->mnemonic_class == SEM_MN_OTHER) ? insn.opcode : 0u;
+
+    /* Reduce only EXPLICIT operands (implicit ones - e.g. flags, rsp on push -
+     * are decoder noise that would differ pointlessly across forms). */
+    uint8_t no = 0;
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < insn.operand_count && no < 4; i++) {
+        const ZydisDecodedOperand* o = &ops[i];
+        if (o->visibility != ZYDIS_OPERAND_VISIBILITY_EXPLICIT) { continue; }
+        switch (o->type) {
+            case ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_REGISTER:
+                out->op[no].kind      = SEMOP_REG;
+                out->op[no].reg_class = reg_class_of(o->reg.value);
+                out->op[no].width_log2 = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                no++;
+                break;
+            case ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_MEMORY:
+                out->op[no].kind         = SEMOP_MEM;
+                out->op[no].width_log2   = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                out->op[no].mem_has_base =
+                    (o->mem.base != ZYDIS_REGISTER_NONE &&
+                     o->mem.base != ZYDIS_REGISTER_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                out->op[no].mem_has_index =
+                    (o->mem.index != ZYDIS_REGISTER_NONE) ? 1u : 0u;
+                out->op[no].mem_is_riprel =
+                    (o->mem.base == ZYDIS_REGISTER_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                no++;
+                break;
+            case ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_IMMEDIATE:
+                out->op[no].kind       = SEMOP_IMM;
+                out->op[no].width_log2 = width_log2_of(o->size);
+                no++;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;   /* pointer/unused: ignored */
+        }
+    }
+    out->noperands = no;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* ---- rich decode (insn_decode_full): the lossless projection ------------- */
+
+/* Map a Zydis register to a canonical reg_id ROOT (al/ax/eax/rax -> REGID_RAX,
+ * xmm/ymm/zmm -> a REGID_VEC* root, k0..k7 -> REGID_K*). The enclosing fold is
+ * done with ZydisRegisterGetLargestEnclosing first (GPR -> RAX..R15, vector ->
+ * ZMM0..ZMM31); then a class-keyed offset turns the backend enum into the stable
+ * reg_id. The raw ZydisRegister never leaves this TU. */
+static uint8_t reg_root_of(ZydisRegister reg) {
+    if (reg == ZYDIS_REGISTER_NONE) { return REGID_NONE; }
+
+    const ZydisRegister enc =
+        ZydisRegisterGetLargestEnclosing(ZYDIS_MACHINE_MODE_LONG_64, reg);
+    const ZydisRegister r = (enc == ZYDIS_REGISTER_NONE) ? reg : enc;
+
+    if (r >= ZYDIS_REGISTER_RAX && r <= ZYDIS_REGISTER_R15) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_RAX + (r - ZYDIS_REGISTER_RAX));
+    }
+    if (r >= ZYDIS_REGISTER_ZMM0 && r <= ZYDIS_REGISTER_ZMM31) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_VEC0 + (r - ZYDIS_REGISTER_ZMM0));
+    }
+    if (r >= ZYDIS_REGISTER_K0 && r <= ZYDIS_REGISTER_K7) {
+        return (uint8_t)(REGID_K0 + (r - ZYDIS_REGISTER_K0));
+    }
+    if (r == ZYDIS_REGISTER_FLAGS || r == ZYDIS_REGISTER_EFLAGS ||
+        r == ZYDIS_REGISTER_RFLAGS) {
+        return REGID_FLAGS;
+    }
+    return REGID_OTHER;
+}
+
+/* Backend-neutral mnemonic CLASS for the rich decode (the insn_class enum). The
+ * groups mirror SEM_MN_* but the values are the PUBLIC insn_class ids; reuse the
+ * existing classify_mnemonic by translating its SEM_MN_* result. */
+static uint8_t insn_class_of(const ZydisDecodedInstruction* insn) {
+    switch (classify_mnemonic(insn)) {
+        case SEM_MN_MOV:    return INSN_MOV;
+        case SEM_MN_ARITH:  return INSN_ARITH;
+        case SEM_MN_LOGIC:  return INSN_LOGIC;
+        case SEM_MN_CMP:    return INSN_CMP;
+        case SEM_MN_TEST:   return INSN_TEST;
+        case SEM_MN_BRANCH: return INSN_BRANCH;
+        case SEM_MN_JMP:    return INSN_JMP;
+        case SEM_MN_CALL:   return INSN_CALL;
+        case SEM_MN_RET:    return INSN_RET;
+        case SEM_MN_PUSH:   return INSN_PUSH;
+        case SEM_MN_POP:    return INSN_POP;
+        case SEM_MN_LEA:    return INSN_LEA;
+        case SEM_MN_NOP:    return INSN_NOP;
+        case SEM_MN_FLOAT:  return INSN_FLOAT;
+        case SEM_MN_VEC:    return INSN_VEC;
+        default:            return INSN_OTHER;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Normalize ZydisOperandActions to a reg_access. */
+static uint8_t access_of(ZydisOperandActions a) {
+    const int r  = (a & ZYDIS_OPERAND_ACTION_READ)  != 0;
+    const int w  = (a & ZYDIS_OPERAND_ACTION_WRITE) != 0;
+    const int cr = (a & ZYDIS_OPERAND_ACTION_CONDREAD)  != 0;
+    const int cw = (a & ZYDIS_OPERAND_ACTION_CONDWRITE) != 0;
+    if (r && w)  { return ACC_READWRITE; }
+    if (r)       { return ACC_READ; }
+    if (w)       { return ACC_WRITE; }
+    if (cw)      { return ACC_COND_WRITE; }
+    if (cr)      { return ACC_COND_READ; }
+    return ACC_NONE;
+}
+
+/* writes_zero_extend rule (see insndec.h): a 32-bit GPR write zero-extends into
+ * its 64-bit root; an EVEX/VEX vector write zero-extends the upper YMM/ZMM. 8/16-
+ * bit GPR and legacy-SSE writes are PARTIAL. Computed from width + form, never by
+ * branching on a concrete register. */
+static uint8_t zx_of(uint8_t root, uint8_t width_log2, int vector_evex_vex) {
+    if (root >= REGID_RAX && root <= REGID_R15) {
+        return (width_log2 == 2) ? 1u : 0u;   /* 32-bit GPR write zero-extends */
+    }
+    if (root >= REGID_VEC0 && root <= REGID_VEC31) {
+        return vector_evex_vex ? 1u : 0u;     /* VEX/EVEX zeroes the upper part */
+    }
+    return 0u;
+}
+
+/* Append a reg_ref to a set (dedup by root: keep the WIDEST width / strongest
+ * access so a root appears once). Count grows past the cap so truncation is
+ * detectable; writes stop at INSN_MAX_REGREFS. */
+static void regset_add(reg_ref* set, uint8_t* n, uint8_t root,
+                       uint8_t width_log2, uint8_t zx, uint8_t access) {
+    if (root == REGID_NONE) { return; }
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < *n && i < INSN_MAX_REGREFS; i++) {
+        if (set[i].root == root) {
+            if (width_log2 > set[i].width_log2) {
+                set[i].width_log2 = width_log2;
+                set[i].writes_zero_extend = zx;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if (*n < INSN_MAX_REGREFS) {
+        set[*n].root = root;
+        set[*n].width_log2 = width_log2;
+        set[*n].writes_zero_extend = zx;
+        set[*n].access = access;
+    }
+    (*n)++;
+}
+
+int insn_decode_full(const uint8_t* code, size_t avail, insn_decoded* out) {
+    if (!code || !out || avail == 0) { return 0; }
+
+    ZydisDecoder dec;
+    if (ZYAN_FAILED(ZydisDecoderInit(&dec, ZYDIS_MACHINE_MODE_LONG_64,
+                                     ZYDIS_STACK_WIDTH_64))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    ZydisDecodedInstruction insn;
+    ZydisDecodedOperand ops[ZYDIS_MAX_OPERAND_COUNT];
+    if (ZYAN_FAILED(ZydisDecoderDecodeFull(&dec, code, avail, &insn, ops))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof *out; i++) { ((uint8_t*)out)[i] = 0; }
+    out->length          = (uint8_t)insn.length;
+    out->mnemonic_class  = insn_class_of(&insn);
+    out->is_control_flow =
+        (insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_COND_BR ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_UNCOND_BR ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_CALL ||
+         insn.meta.category == ZYDIS_CATEGORY_RET) ? 1u : 0u;
+
+    /* A VEX/EVEX-encoded vector form zero-extends the upper part of a written
+     * vector root; legacy-SSE preserves it. Approximate from the encoding. */
+    const int vec_zx = (insn.encoding == ZYDIS_INSTRUCTION_ENCODING_VEX ||
+                        insn.encoding == ZYDIS_INSTRUCTION_ENCODING_EVEX);
+
+    /* Pass over ALL operands. EXPLICIT ones populate op[] (readable view); EVERY
+     * operand (explicit AND implicit/hidden: rsp on push/pop, rdx:rax on mul, the
+     * memory address registers) feeds the aggregate reads[]/writes[] sets. */
+    uint8_t no = 0;
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < insn.operand_count && i < ZYDIS_MAX_OPERAND_COUNT;
+         i++) {
+        const ZydisDecodedOperand* o = &ops[i];
+        const uint8_t acc = access_of(o->actions);
+        const uint8_t wl  = width_log2_of(o->size);
+
+        if (o->type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_REGISTER) {
+            const uint8_t root = reg_root_of(o->reg.value);
+            const uint8_t zx = zx_of(root, wl, vec_zx);
+            if (acc == ACC_READ || acc == ACC_READWRITE || acc == ACC_COND_READ) {
+                regset_add(out->reads, &out->nreads, root, wl, 0, acc);
+            }
+            if (acc == ACC_WRITE || acc == ACC_READWRITE ||
+                acc == ACC_COND_WRITE) {
+                regset_add(out->writes, &out->nwrites, root, wl, zx, acc);
+            }
+            if (o->visibility == ZYDIS_OPERAND_VISIBILITY_EXPLICIT &&
+                no < INSN_MAX_OPERANDS) {
+                out->op[no].kind            = OPND_REG;
+                out->op[no].access          = acc;
+                out->op[no].width_log2      = wl;
+                out->op[no].reg_root        = root;
+                out->op[no].reg_zero_extend = zx;
+                no++;
+            }
+        } else if (o->type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_MEMORY) {
+            /* Address registers are READ regardless of the operand's own access. */
+            const uint8_t base  = (o->mem.base == ZYDIS_REGISTER_RIP)
+                                  ? REGID_NONE : reg_root_of(o->mem.base);
+            const uint8_t index = reg_root_of(o->mem.index);
+            if (base != REGID_NONE) {
+                regset_add(out->reads, &out->nreads, base, 3, 0, ACC_READ);
+            }
+            if (index != REGID_NONE) {
+                regset_add(out->reads, &out->nreads, index, 3, 0, ACC_READ);
+            }
+            if (o->visibility == ZYDIS_OPERAND_VISIBILITY_EXPLICIT &&
+                no < INSN_MAX_OPERANDS) {
+                out->op[no].kind          = OPND_MEM;
+                out->op[no].access        = acc;
+                out->op[no].width_log2    = wl;
+                out->op[no].mem_base      = base;
+                out->op[no].mem_index     = index;
+                out->op[no].mem_scale     = o->mem.scale;
+                out->op[no].mem_is_riprel =
+                    (o->mem.base == ZYDIS_REGISTER_RIP) ? 1u : 0u;
+                out->op[no].mem_disp      =
+                    o->mem.disp.has_displacement ? o->mem.disp.value : 0;
+                no++;
+            }
+        } else if (o->type == ZYDIS_OPERAND_TYPE_IMMEDIATE) {
+            if (o->visibility == ZYDIS_OPERAND_VISIBILITY_EXPLICIT &&
+                no < INSN_MAX_OPERANDS) {
+                out->op[no].kind           = OPND_IMM;
+                out->op[no].access         = ACC_READ;
+                out->op[no].imm_width_log2 = wl;
+                out->op[no].imm_value      = o->imm.is_signed
+                                             ? o->imm.value.s
+                                             : (int64_t)o->imm.value.u;
+                no++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out->noperands = no;
+
+    /* FLAGS as ONE pseudo-register: read = TESTED, write = anything the
+     * instruction MODIFIES / SET_0 / SET_1 / leaves UNDEFINED. */
+    if (insn.cpu_flags) {
+        if (insn.cpu_flags->tested) {
+            regset_add(out->reads, &out->nreads, REGID_FLAGS, 2, 0, ACC_READ);
+        }
+        if (insn.cpu_flags->modified || insn.cpu_flags->set_0 ||
+            insn.cpu_flags->set_1 || insn.cpu_flags->undefined) {
+            regset_add(out->writes, &out->nwrites, REGID_FLAGS, 2, 0, ACC_WRITE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+const char* semsig_backend_name(void) {
+    return "zydis";
+}

src/handlers/semsig_stub.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/* semsig_stub.c - the OFF (no-backend) path of the semantic-signature feature.
+ *
+ * Built into the library ONLY when VMIE_DISASM=OFF (the default). It provides
+ * the full public generic surface so the ABI is stable - linking never fails
+ * for a missing symbol - while the feature is not present:
+ *   semsig_hash         -> 0  (the same "no hash" sentinel as func_hash)
+ *   semsig_backend_name -> "none"
+ * Callers tell "feature off" from "empty/undecodable function" via the compile-
+ * time macro VMIE_HAVE_DISASM (0 here), NOT via the runtime 0.
+ *
+ * In the OFF build semsig.c is NOT compiled (it calls the backend decode, which
+ * does not exist without a backend); this stub is the whole generic symbol. See
+ * CMakeLists.txt for the source-selection logic.
+ */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "semsig.h"
+
+uint64_t semsig_hash(mem_view_t fn) __attribute__((cold));
+uint64_t semsig_hash(mem_view_t fn) {
+    (void)fn;
+    return 0;   /* feature not built: same sentinel as func_hash */
+}
+
+const char* semsig_backend_name(void) {
+    return "none";
+}