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79bfba2fa8
Use proper names (i.e. zfs-allow and zpool-add) in NAME subsections of zfs/zpool subcommands instead of current "pretty-printed" ones as makewhatis utilities (or some implementations of it, namely the one from mandoc suite used in FreeBSD) look not only at the document title but also in NAME subsection, adding zfs(8)/zpool(8) to search results which is not correct. (Common sense and other utilities splitting subcommands in multiple man pages, e.g. git, do the same.) Reviewed-by: Brian Behlendorf <behlendorf1@llnl.gov> Signed-off-by: xtouqh <xtouqh@hotmail.com> Closes #11086
296 lines
9.3 KiB
Groff
296 lines
9.3 KiB
Groff
.\"
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.\" CDDL HEADER START
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.\"
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.\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
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.\" Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
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.\" You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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.\" You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
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.\" fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
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.\" information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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.\"
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.\" CDDL HEADER END
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.\"
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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.\" Copyright 2011 Joshua M. Clulow <josh@sysmgr.org>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2019 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 2013 by Saso Kiselkov. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 2014, Joyent, Inc. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 2014 by Adam Stevko. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 2014 Integros [integros.com]
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.\" Copyright 2019 Richard Laager. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright 2018 Nexenta Systems, Inc.
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.\" Copyright 2019 Joyent, Inc.
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.\"
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.Dd January 13, 2020
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.Dt ZFS-LOAD-KEY 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm zfs-load-key
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.Nd Load, unload, or change the encryption key used to access a dataset.
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm load-key
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.Op Fl nr
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.Op Fl L Ar keylocation
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.Fl a | Ar filesystem
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm unload-key
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.Op Fl r
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.Fl a | Ar filesystem
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm change-key
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.Op Fl l
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.Op Fl o Ar keylocation Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Op Fl o Ar keyformat Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Op Fl o Ar pbkdf2iters Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Ar filesystem
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm change-key
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.Fl i
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.Op Fl l
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.Ar filesystem
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Bl -tag -width ""
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.It Xo
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm load-key
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.Op Fl nr
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.Op Fl L Ar keylocation
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.Fl a | Ar filesystem
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.Xc
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Load the key for
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.Ar filesystem ,
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allowing it and all children that inherit the
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.Sy keylocation
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property to be accessed. The key will be expected in the format specified by the
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.Sy keyformat
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and location specified by the
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.Sy keylocation
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property. Note that if the
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.Sy keylocation
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is set to
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.Sy prompt
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the terminal will interactively wait for the key to be entered. Loading a key
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will not automatically mount the dataset. If that functionality is desired,
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.Nm zfs Cm mount Sy -l
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will ask for the key and mount the dataset
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.Po
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see
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.Xr zfs-mount 8
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.Pc .
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Once the key is loaded the
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.Sy keystatus
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property will become
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.Sy available .
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.Bl -tag -width "-r"
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.It Fl r
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Recursively loads the keys for the specified filesystem and all descendent
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encryption roots.
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.It Fl a
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Loads the keys for all encryption roots in all imported pools.
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.It Fl n
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Do a dry-run
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.Pq Qq No-op
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load-key. This will cause zfs to simply check that the
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provided key is correct. This command may be run even if the key is already
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loaded.
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.It Fl L Ar keylocation
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Use
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.Ar keylocation
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instead of the
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.Sy keylocation
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property. This will not change the value of the property on the dataset. Note
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that if used with either
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.Fl r
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or
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.Fl a ,
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.Ar keylocation
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may only be given as
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.Sy prompt .
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.El
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.It Xo
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm unload-key
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.Op Fl r
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.Fl a | Ar filesystem
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.Xc
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Unloads a key from ZFS, removing the ability to access the dataset and all of
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its children that inherit the
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.Sy keylocation
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property. This requires that the dataset is not currently open or mounted. Once
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the key is unloaded the
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.Sy keystatus
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property will become
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.Sy unavailable .
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.Bl -tag -width "-r"
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.It Fl r
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Recursively unloads the keys for the specified filesystem and all descendent
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encryption roots.
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.It Fl a
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Unloads the keys for all encryption roots in all imported pools.
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.El
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.It Xo
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm change-key
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.Op Fl l
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.Op Fl o Ar keylocation Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Op Fl o Ar keyformat Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Op Fl o Ar pbkdf2iters Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Ar filesystem
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.Xc
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.It Xo
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.Nm zfs
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.Cm change-key
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.Fl i
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.Op Fl l
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.Ar filesystem
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.Xc
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Changes the user's key (e.g. a passphrase) used to access a dataset. This
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command requires that the existing key for the dataset is already loaded into
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ZFS. This command may also be used to change the
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.Sy keylocation ,
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.Sy keyformat ,
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and
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.Sy pbkdf2iters
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properties as needed. If the dataset was not previously an encryption root it
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will become one. Alternatively, the
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.Fl i
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flag may be provided to cause an encryption root to inherit the parent's key
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instead.
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.Pp
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If the user's key is compromised,
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.Nm zfs Cm change-key
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does not necessarily protect existing or newly-written data from attack.
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Newly-written data will continue to be encrypted with the same master key as
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the existing data. The master key is compromised if an attacker obtains a
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user key and the corresponding wrapped master key. Currently,
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.Nm zfs Cm change-key
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does not overwrite the previous wrapped master key on disk, so it is
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accessible via forensic analysis for an indeterminate length of time.
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.Pp
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In the event of a master key compromise, ideally the drives should be securely
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erased to remove all the old data (which is readable using the compromised
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master key), a new pool created, and the data copied back. This can be
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approximated in place by creating new datasets, copying the data
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(e.g. using
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.Nm zfs Cm send
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.Nm zfs Cm recv Ns
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), and then clearing the free space with
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.Nm zpool Cm trim --secure
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if supported by your hardware, otherwise
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.Nm zpool Cm initialize Ns .
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.Bl -tag -width "-r"
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.It Fl l
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Ensures the key is loaded before attempting to change the key. This is
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effectively equivalent to
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.Qq Nm zfs Cm load-key Ar filesystem ; Nm zfs Cm change-key Ar filesystem
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.It Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
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Allows the user to set encryption key properties (
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.Sy keyformat ,
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.Sy keylocation ,
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and
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.Sy pbkdf2iters
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) while changing the key. This is the only way to alter
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.Sy keyformat
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and
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.Sy pbkdf2iters
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after the dataset has been created.
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.It Fl i
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Indicates that zfs should make
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.Ar filesystem
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inherit the key of its parent. Note that this command can only be run on an
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encryption root that has an encrypted parent.
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.El
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.El
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.Ss Encryption
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Enabling the
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.Sy encryption
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feature allows for the creation of encrypted filesystems and volumes. ZFS
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will encrypt file and zvol data, file attributes, ACLs, permission bits,
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directory listings, FUID mappings, and
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.Sy userused
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/
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.Sy groupused
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data. ZFS will not encrypt metadata related to the pool structure, including
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dataset and snapshot names, dataset hierarchy, properties, file size, file
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holes, and deduplication tables (though the deduplicated data itself is
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encrypted).
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.Pp
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Key rotation is managed by ZFS. Changing the user's key (e.g. a passphrase)
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does not require re-encrypting the entire dataset. Datasets can be scrubbed,
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resilvered, renamed, and deleted without the encryption keys being loaded (see the
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.Nm zfs Cm load-key
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subcommand for more info on key loading).
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.Pp
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Creating an encrypted dataset requires specifying the
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.Sy encryption
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and
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.Sy keyformat
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properties at creation time, along with an optional
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.Sy keylocation
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and
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.Sy pbkdf2iters .
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After entering an encryption key, the
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created dataset will become an encryption root. Any descendant datasets will
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inherit their encryption key from the encryption root by default, meaning that
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loading, unloading, or changing the key for the encryption root will implicitly
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do the same for all inheriting datasets. If this inheritance is not desired,
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simply supply a
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.Sy keyformat
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when creating the child dataset or use
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.Nm zfs Cm change-key
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to break an existing relationship, creating a new encryption root on the child.
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Note that the child's
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.Sy keyformat
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may match that of the parent while still creating a new encryption root, and
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that changing the
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.Sy encryption
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property alone does not create a new encryption root; this would simply use a
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different cipher suite with the same key as its encryption root. The one
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exception is that clones will always use their origin's encryption key.
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As a result of this exception, some encryption-related properties (namely
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.Sy keystatus ,
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.Sy keyformat ,
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.Sy keylocation ,
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and
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.Sy pbkdf2iters )
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do not inherit like other ZFS properties and instead use the value determined
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by their encryption root. Encryption root inheritance can be tracked via the
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read-only
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.Sy encryptionroot
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property.
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.Pp
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Encryption changes the behavior of a few ZFS
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operations. Encryption is applied after compression so compression ratios are
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preserved. Normally checksums in ZFS are 256 bits long, but for encrypted data
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the checksum is 128 bits of the user-chosen checksum and 128 bits of MAC from
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the encryption suite, which provides additional protection against maliciously
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altered data. Deduplication is still possible with encryption enabled but for
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security, datasets will only dedup against themselves, their snapshots, and
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their clones.
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.Pp
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There are a few limitations on encrypted datasets. Encrypted data cannot be
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embedded via the
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.Sy embedded_data
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feature. Encrypted datasets may not have
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.Sy copies Ns = Ns Em 3
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since the implementation stores some encryption metadata where the third copy
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would normally be. Since compression is applied before encryption datasets may
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be vulnerable to a CRIME-like attack if applications accessing the data allow
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for it. Deduplication with encryption will leak information about which blocks
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are equivalent in a dataset and will incur an extra CPU cost per block written.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr zfs-create 8 ,
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.Xr zfs-set 8 ,
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.Xr zfsprops 8
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